{"id":22157,"date":"2020-07-24T11:07:19","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T11:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-blindagem-de-radiacao-ionizante-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-24T11:11:36","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T11:11:36","slug":"o-que-e-blindagem-de-radiacao-ionizante-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-blindagem-de-radiacao-ionizante-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Bloquear radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante significa simplesmente ter algum material entre a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o e voc\u00ea (ou algum dispositivo) que absorver\u00e1 a radia\u00e7\u00e3o. Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><span>A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a ci\u00eancia e pr\u00e1tica de proteger as pessoas e o meio ambiente dos efeitos nocivos da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\u00a0\u00c9 um t\u00f3pico s\u00e9rio, n\u00e3o apenas nas\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Usina nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\"><span>usinas nucleares<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, mas tamb\u00e9m na ind\u00fastria ou nos centros m\u00e9dicos.\u00a0Na prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, existem tr\u00eas maneiras de proteger as pessoas das fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o identificadas:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Limitando o tempo.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>A quantidade de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o depende diretamente (linearmente)\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>do tempo que as<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pessoas passam perto da fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0A dose pode ser\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>reduzida limitando o tempo de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Dist\u00e2ncia.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>A quantidade de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o depende da dist\u00e2ncia da fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Da mesma forma que o calor do fogo, se voc\u00ea estiver muito pr\u00f3ximo, a intensidade da radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica \u00e9 alta e voc\u00ea pode se queimar.\u00a0Se voc\u00ea estiver na dist\u00e2ncia certa, voc\u00ea pode suportar sem problemas e, al\u00e9m disso, \u00e9 confort\u00e1vel.\u00a0Se voc\u00ea estiver muito longe da fonte de calor, a insufici\u00eancia de calor tamb\u00e9m poder\u00e1 prejudic\u00e1-lo.\u00a0Essa analogia, em certo sentido, pode ser aplicada \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m de fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Blindagem.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Finalmente, se a fonte for muito intensa e o tempo ou a dist\u00e2ncia n\u00e3o fornecerem prote\u00e7\u00e3o suficiente contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, a blindagem deve ser usada.\u00a0A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente consiste em barreiras de chumbo, concreto ou \u00e1gua.\u00a0Existem muitos materiais que podem ser usados \u200b\u200bpara prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, mas existem muitas situa\u00e7\u00f5es na prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Depende muito do tipo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o a ser protegida, de sua energia e de muitos outros par\u00e2metros.\u00a0Por exemplo, at\u00e9 o ur\u00e2nio empobrecido pode ser usado como uma boa prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra a radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama, mas, por outro lado, o ur\u00e2nio \u00e9 uma\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Blindagem da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/shielding-neutron-radiation\/\"><span>blindagem<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0absolutamente inadequada\u00a0<a title=\"Shielding of Neutron Radiation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/shielding-neutron-radiation\/\">da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons<\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radiation_protection_principles.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12695 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radiation_protection_principles.gif\" alt=\"pronciples de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o - tempo, dist\u00e2ncia, blindagem\" width=\"900\" height=\"700\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radiation_protection_principles.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12696\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Princ\u00edpios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; tempo, dist\u00e2ncia e blindagem<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-40 lgc-tablet-grid-40 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><span>A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o significa simplesmente ter\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>algum material entre a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o e voc\u00ea<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ou algum dispositivo) que\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>absorver\u00e1 a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Radia\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\"><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A quantidade de blindagem necess\u00e1ria, o tipo ou material de blindagem depende fortemente de v\u00e1rios fatores.\u00a0N\u00e3o estamos falando de nenhuma otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><span>De fato, em alguns casos, uma blindagem inadequada pode at\u00e9 piorar a situa\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o em vez de proteger as pessoas da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\u00a0Os fatores b\u00e1sicos que devem ser considerados durante a proposta de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Tipo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante a ser protegida<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Espectro de energia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Dura\u00e7\u00e3o da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Dist\u00e2ncia da fonte da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Requisitos de atenua\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; princ\u00edpios ALARA ou ALARP<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Grau de liberdade do projeto<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Outros requisitos f\u00edsicos (por exemplo, transpar\u00eancia no caso de telas de vidro com chumbo)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Intera\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o com a mat\u00e9ria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/\"><span>Intera\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o com a mat\u00e9ria<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Rad Pro Calculator\" href=\"http:\/\/www.radprocalculator.com\/\"><span>Calculadora Rad Pro<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-60 lgc-tablet-grid-60 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/shielding_radiation.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12728 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/shielding_radiation.gif\" alt=\"Blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante\" width=\"1063\" height=\"1949\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/shielding_radiation.gif\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o em usinas nucleares<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Geralmente na ind\u00fastria nuclear, a prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o tem muitos prop\u00f3sitos.\u00a0Nas\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Usina nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\"><span>usinas nucleares,<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0o principal objetivo \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>reduzir a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0para pessoas e funcion\u00e1rios nas proximidades de fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Nas centrais nucleares, a principal fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conclusivamente\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Reator nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\"><span>o reator nuclear<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e seu\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00facleo do reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor-core\/\"><span>n\u00facleo<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Os reatores nucleares s\u00e3o geralmente fontes poderosas de todo o espectro de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Formas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/forms-ionizing-radiation\/\"><span>tipos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A blindagem usada para esse fim \u00e9 chamada de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>blindagem biol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mas esse n\u00e3o \u00e9 o \u00fanico objetivo da prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Os escudos tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o usados \u200b\u200bem alguns reatores para reduzir a intensidade dos\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Raios gama \/ radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\"><span>raios gama<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00eautron\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><span>n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0incidentes no vaso do reator.\u00a0Essa blindagem contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o protege o vaso do reator e suas partes internas (por exemplo, o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Barril de n\u00facleo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\"><span>barril de suporte<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do\u00a0<a title=\"Barril de n\u00facleo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\">n\u00facleo<\/a>\u00a0) do aquecimento excessivo devido \u00e0 r\u00e1pida absor\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama pela\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Moderador de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/neutron-moderator\/\"><span>modera\u00e7\u00e3o de<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0n\u00eautrons\u00a0.\u00a0Tais escudos s\u00e3o geralmente chamados de\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>escudos t\u00e9rmicos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Refletor de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/neutron-reflector\/\"><span>Refletor de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Um pouco de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o estranha \u00e9 geralmente usado para proteger o material do vaso de press\u00e3o do reator (especialmente em\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"PWR - Reator de \u00e1gua pressurizada\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/pwr-pressurized-water-reactor\/\"><span>usinas de energia PWR<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0).\u00a0Os materiais estruturais dos vasos de press\u00e3o e internos do reator s\u00e3o danificados especialmente por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00eautrons r\u00e1pidos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0N\u00eautrons r\u00e1pidos criam defeitos estruturais, que resultam em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fragiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do material do vaso de press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para minimizar o fluxo de n\u00eautrons na parede do vaso, tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 poss\u00edvel modificar a estrat\u00e9gia de carregamento do n\u00facleo.\u00a0Na estrat\u00e9gia de carregamento de entrada de combust\u00edvel, novos conjuntos de combust\u00edvel s\u00e3o colocados na periferia do n\u00facleo.\u00a0Essa configura\u00e7\u00e3o causa alta flu\u00eancia de n\u00eautrons na parede do vaso.\u00a0Portanto, a estrat\u00e9gia de carregamento de combust\u00edvel \u201cin-out\u201d (com\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>padr\u00f5es de carregamento de baixo vazamento &#8211; L3P<\/span><\/strong><span>) foi adotado em muitas usinas nucleares.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio da estrat\u00e9gia de sa\u00edda, os n\u00facleos de baixo vazamento t\u00eam conjuntos de combust\u00edvel novo na segunda linha, n\u00e3o na periferia do n\u00facleo.\u00a0A periferia cont\u00e9m combust\u00edvel com maior consumo de combust\u00edvel e menor poder relativo e serve como um escudo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o muito sofisticado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nas usinas nucleares, o problema central \u00e9 se proteger contra\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>raios gama<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, porque os intervalos de part\u00edculas carregadas (como part\u00edculas beta e part\u00edculas alfa) na mat\u00e9ria s\u00e3o muito curtos.\u00a0Por outro lado, devemos lidar com a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os tipos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, porque cada reator nuclear \u00e9 uma fonte significativa de todos os tipos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Blindagem da radia\u00e7\u00e3o alfa<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Blindagem de p\u00f3sitrons<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Blindagem da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><\/div>\n<div tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><\/div>\n<div tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>C\u00e1lculo da taxa de dose protegida em sieverts a partir de superf\u00edcie contaminada<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Suponha uma superf\u00edcie que esteja\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>contaminada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1,0 Ci de\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>137<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Cs\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Suponha que esse\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>contaminante<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0possa ser aproximado pela\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fonte isotr\u00f3pica pontual<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que cont\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1,0 Ci de\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>137<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Cs<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que tem uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/\"><span>meia-vida<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>30,2 anos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Observe que a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a meia-vida e a quantidade de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/radionuclide-radioisotope\/\"><span>radionucl\u00eddeo<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0necess\u00e1ria para gerar uma atividade de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/units-of-radioactivity\/curie-unit-of-radioactivity\/\"><span>um curie<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 mostrada abaixo.\u00a0Essa quantidade de material pode ser calculada usando \u03bb, que \u00e9 a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/decay-constant\/\"><span>constante<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/decay-constant\/\">decaimento<\/a>\u00a0de determinado nucl\u00eddeo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-24886 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\" alt=\"Curie - Unidade de Atividade\" width=\"378\" height=\"61\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Cerca de 94,6% decai por\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\"><span>emiss\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0em um\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/nuclides\/isomers\/\"><span>is\u00f4mero nuclear<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0metaest\u00e1vel\u00a0de b\u00e1rio: b\u00e1rio-137m.\u00a0O pico principal de f\u00f3tons de Ba-137m \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>662 keV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para esse c\u00e1lculo, suponha que todos os decaimentos passem por esse canal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Calcule a taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria do f\u00f3ton<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, em sieverts por hora (Sv.h\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0), na superf\u00edcie externa de uma blindagem de chumbo com 5 cm de espessura.\u00a0Em seguida,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>calcule as\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>taxas de dose equivalentes e efetivas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para dois casos.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>Suponha que esse campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa penetre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>uniformemente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0por todo o corpo.\u00a0Isso significa: Calcule a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa efetiva de dose para todo o corpo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Suponha que esse campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa penetre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>apenas os pulm\u00f5es<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e os outros \u00f3rg\u00e3os estejam completamente protegidos.\u00a0Isso significa: Calcule a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de dose efetiva<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Observe que a taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria de f\u00f3tons negligencia todas as part\u00edculas secund\u00e1rias.\u00a0Suponha que a dist\u00e2ncia efetiva da fonte do ponto de dose seja\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Tamb\u00e9m devemos assumir que o ponto de dose \u00e9 um tecido mole, que pode ser razoavelmente simulado pela \u00e1gua e usamos o coeficiente de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de energia em massa da \u00e1gua.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/\"><span>Atenua\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation\/shielding-gamma-radiation\/\"><span>Blindagem de raios gama<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria de f\u00f3tons \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/\"><span>atenuada exponencialmente<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, e a taxa de dose de f\u00f3tons prim\u00e1rios, levando em considera\u00e7\u00e3o o escudo, \u00e9 dada por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25304 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo da taxa de dose\" width=\"671\" height=\"307\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Como pode ser visto, n\u00e3o consideramos o ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria.\u00a0Se part\u00edculas secund\u00e1rias forem produzidas ou se a radia\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria mudar sua energia ou dire\u00e7\u00e3o, a atenua\u00e7\u00e3o efetiva ser\u00e1 muito menor.\u00a0Essa suposi\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente subestima a taxa de dose verdadeira, especialmente para blindagens espessas e quando o ponto de dose est\u00e1 pr\u00f3ximo \u00e0 superf\u00edcie da blindagem, mas essa suposi\u00e7\u00e3o simplifica todos os c\u00e1lculos.\u00a0Nesse caso, a taxa real de dose (com o ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria) ser\u00e1 mais de duas vezes maior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para calcular a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de dose absorvida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, precisamos usar a f\u00f3rmula:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>k = 5,76 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-7<\/span><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><span>S = 3,7 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>10<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0s\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><span>E = 0,662 MeV<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u03bc\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>t<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ \u03c1 =\u00a0<\/span><span>0,0326 cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ g (os valores est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis no NIST)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u03bc = 1,289 cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0(os valores est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis no NIST)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D = 5 cm<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>r = 10 cm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Resultado:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A taxa de dose absorvida resultante em cinza por hora \u00e9 ent\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25319 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\" alt=\"taxa de dose absorvida - cinza - c\u00e1lculo\" width=\"551\" height=\"153\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>1) irradia\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Como o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/radiation-weighting-factor\/\"><span>fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0da\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/radiation-weighting-factor\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0para\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\"><span>raios gama<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 igual a um e assumimos o campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme (o fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do tecido tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 igual \u00e0 unidade), podemos calcular diretamente a taxa de dose equivalente e a taxa de dose efetiva (E = H\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) a partir da taxa de dose absorvida, como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25478 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo - dose efetiva - uniforme\" width=\"467\" height=\"182\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>2) irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Neste caso, assumimos uma irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial apenas dos pulm\u00f5es.\u00a0Assim, temos que utilizar o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>factor de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o de tecido<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o que \u00e9 igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>w\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 0,12<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o para raios gama \u00e9 igual a um.\u00a0Como resultado, podemos calcular a taxa de dose efetiva como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25480 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo - dose efetiva - n\u00e3o uniforme\" width=\"495\" height=\"178\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Observe que, se uma parte do corpo (por exemplo, os pulm\u00f5es) recebe uma dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, isso representa um risco para um efeito particularmente prejudicial (por exemplo, c\u00e2ncer de pulm\u00e3o).\u00a0Se a mesma dose \u00e9 administrada a outro \u00f3rg\u00e3o, isso representa um fator de risco diferente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Se queremos dar conta do ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria, precisamos incluir o fator de ac\u00famulo.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00f3rmula estendida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para a taxa de dose \u00e9 ent\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25303 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\" alt=\"taxa de dose absorvida - cinza\" width=\"693\" height=\"158\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span>Fatores de ac\u00famulo para blindagem de raios gama<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fator de acumula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um fator de corre\u00e7\u00e3o que considera a influ\u00eancia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o dispersa mais quaisquer\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>part\u00edculas secund\u00e1rias<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0no meio durante os c\u00e1lculos de blindagem.\u00a0Se queremos dar conta do ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria, precisamos incluir o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fator de ac\u00famulo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O fator de acumula\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 ent\u00e3o um fator multiplicativo que responde pela resposta aos f\u00f3tons n\u00e3o colididos, de modo a incluir a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos f\u00f3tons dispersos.\u00a0Assim, o fator de acumula\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser obtido como uma raz\u00e3o entre a dose total e a resposta para a dose n\u00e3o coletada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00f3rmula estendida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para o c\u00e1lculo da taxa de dose \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25983 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png\" alt=\"Fator de Ac\u00famulo\" width=\"689\" height=\"348\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>O padr\u00e3o ANSI \/ ANS-6.4.3-1991 de coeficientes de atenua\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama e fatores de ac\u00famulo para materiais de engenharia cont\u00e9m coeficientes de atenua\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama derivados e fatores de ac\u00famulo para materiais e elementos de engenharia selecionados para uso em c\u00e1lculos de blindagem (ANSI \/ ANS-6.1 .1, 1991).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bloquear radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante significa simplesmente ter algum material entre a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o e voc\u00ea (ou algum dispositivo) que absorver\u00e1 a radia\u00e7\u00e3o. Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a ci\u00eancia e pr\u00e1tica de proteger as pessoas e o meio ambiente dos efeitos nocivos da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\u00a0\u00c9 um t\u00f3pico s\u00e9rio, n\u00e3o apenas nas\u00a0usinas nucleares\u00a0, &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-blindagem-de-radiacao-ionizante-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 blindagem de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bloquear radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante significa simplesmente ter algum material entre a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o e voc\u00ea (ou algum dispositivo) que absorver\u00e1 a radia\u00e7\u00e3o. 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