{"id":21941,"date":"2020-07-22T11:46:09","date_gmt":"2020-07-22T11:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-dose-eficaz-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-22T11:46:09","modified_gmt":"2020-07-22T11:46:09","slug":"o-que-e-dose-eficaz-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dose-eficaz-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 dose eficaz &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Na prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, a dose eficaz \u00e9 uma quantidade de dose definida como a soma das doses equivalentes ao tecido ponderadas pelos fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00f3rg\u00e3o (tecido) da ICRP, wT, que levam em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a sensibilidade vari\u00e1vel de diferentes \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Absorbed-Equivalent-Effective-Dose-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-25490 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Absorbed-Equivalent-Effective-Dose-min.png\" alt=\"Dose Absorvida - Equivalente - Eficaz\" width=\"357\" height=\"501\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Absorbed-Equivalent-Effective-Dose-min.png\" \/><\/a>Na protec\u00e7\u00e3o contra as radia\u00e7\u00f5es, a\u00a0<strong>dose eficaz<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 uma quantidade de dose definida como a soma das doses de tecido equivalente ponderados pela CIPR\u00a0<strong>\u00f3rg\u00e3o (tecido) factores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<strong>W\u00a0<sub>T<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, que leva em conta a varia\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>da sensibilidade de diferentes \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos para a radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0<strong>A dose eficaz<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 dado o s\u00edmbolo\u00a0<strong>E<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A unidade SI de\u00a0<strong>E<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-sievert-unidade-de-dose-equivalente-definicao\/\"><strong>sievert<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(Sv) ou mas\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-roentgen-equivalent-man-rem-unit-definition\/\">rem<\/a>\u00a0(roentgen equivalente man) ainda \u00e9 comumente usado (\u00a0<strong>1 Sv = 100 rem<\/strong>\u00a0).\u00a0A unidade de sievert recebeu o nome do cientista sueco Rolf Sievert, que fez grande parte dos primeiros trabalhos sobre dosimetria em radioterapia.<\/p>\n<p>Como foi escrito no cap\u00edtulo anterior,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dose-equivalente-definicao\/\"><strong>dose equivalente<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, H\u00a0<sub>T<\/sub>\u00a0, \u00e9 utilizado para avaliar\u00a0\u00a0<strong>o risco de sa\u00fade estoc\u00e1stica<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0devido aos campos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa que penetram\u00a0\u00a0<strong>uniformemente<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0atrav\u00e9s de todo o corpo.\u00a0No entanto, ele precisa de\u00a0<strong>corre\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>\u00a0adicionais\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0quando o campo \u00e9 aplicado apenas a parte (s) do corpo ou de maneira\u00a0\u00a0<strong>n\u00e3o uniforme<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0para medir o risco estoc\u00e1stico geral \u00e0 sa\u00fade do corpo.\u00a0Para permitir isso, uma quantidade adicional de dose denominada\u00a0<strong>\u00a0dose efetiva<\/strong>\u00a0deve ser usado.\u00a0A dose eficaz permite determinar as consequ\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas da irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial (n\u00e3o uniforme).\u00a0\u00c9 devido ao fato de que v\u00e1rios tecidos do corpo reagem \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante de diferentes maneiras.\u00a0Portanto, o ICRP atribuiu fatores de sensibilidade a tecidos e \u00f3rg\u00e3os especificados, para que o efeito da irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial possa ser calculado se as regi\u00f5es irradiadas forem conhecidas.<\/p>\n<p>Na publica\u00e7\u00e3o 60, o ICRP definiu a dose efetiva como a soma duplamente ponderada da dose absorvida em todos os \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos do corpo.\u00a0Os limites de dose s\u00e3o definidos em termos de dose efetiva e aplicam-se ao indiv\u00edduo para fins de prote\u00e7\u00e3o radiol\u00f3gica, incluindo a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de risco em termos gerais.\u00a0Matematicamente, a dose efetiva pode ser expressa como:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25463 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-definition.png\" alt=\"dose eficaz - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"460\" height=\"334\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-25476 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-min-300x267.png\" alt=\"dose eficaz\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-min-300x267.png\" \/><\/a>Tanto a dose equivalente quanto a dose efetiva s\u00e3o quantidades para uso em prote\u00e7\u00e3o radiol\u00f3gica, incluindo a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de riscos em termos gerais.\u00a0Eles fornecem uma base para estimar a probabilidade de efeitos estoc\u00e1sticos apenas para doses absorvidas bem abaixo dos limiares para efeitos determin\u00edsticos.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unidades de dose efetiva<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sievert<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O sievert \u00e9 uma unidade derivada de dose equivalente e dose efetiva e representa o efeito biol\u00f3gico equivalente do dep\u00f3sito de um joule de energia de raios gama em um quilograma de tecido humano.<\/li>\n<li><strong>REM<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O rem (uma abrevia\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<strong>R<\/strong>\u00a0oentgen\u00a0<strong>E<\/strong>\u00a0quivalente\u00a0<strong>M<\/strong>\u00a0an) \u00e9 a unidade n\u00e3o SI de dose equivalente e dose efetiva, usada predominantemente nos EUA.\u00a0\u00c9 um termo para equival\u00eancia de dose e \u00e9 igual ao dano biol\u00f3gico que seria causado por um raio de dose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Um sievert \u00e9 uma grande quantidade de dose eficaz.\u00a0Uma pessoa que absorveu uma dose de 1 Sv no corpo inteiro absorveu um joule de energia em cada kg de tecido corporal (no caso de raios gama).<\/p>\n<p><strong>As doses efetivas<\/strong>\u00a0na ind\u00fastria e na medicina geralmente t\u00eam doses mais baixas do que uma peneira, e os seguintes m\u00faltiplos s\u00e3o frequentemente usados:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1 mSv (milissegundo) = 1E-3 Sv<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1 \u00b5Sv (microsievert) = 1E-6 Sv<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>As convers\u00f5es das unidades SI para outras unidades s\u00e3o as seguintes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>1 Sv = 100 rem<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>1 mSv = 100 mrem<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o de tecidos<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>factor de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o tecido,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0w\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 o factor pelo qual a dose equivalente de um tecido ou \u00f3rg\u00e3o T \u00e9 ponderado para representar a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o relativa de que o tecido ou \u00f3rg\u00e3o para o detrimento de sa\u00fade total resultante da irradia\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme do corpo (1991b ICRP) .\u00a0Representa uma medida do risco de efeitos estoc\u00e1sticos que podem resultar da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o desse tecido espec\u00edfico.\u00a0Os fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do tecido levam em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a sensibilidade vari\u00e1vel dos diferentes \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-tissue-weighting-factor.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25477 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-tissue-weighting-factor.png\" alt=\"dose efetiva - fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o tecidual\" width=\"477\" height=\"173\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-tissue-weighting-factor.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Os fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do tecido est\u00e3o listados em v\u00e1rias publica\u00e7\u00f5es da ICRP (Comiss\u00e3o Internacional de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Radiol\u00f3gica).\u00a0De acordo com a determina\u00e7\u00e3o real do ICRP, os fatores de risco est\u00e3o na tabela a seguir (da publica\u00e7\u00e3o 103 do ICRP (ICRP 2007)).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tissue-weighting-factor-ICRP.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25461 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tissue-weighting-factor-ICRP.png\" alt=\"fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o tecidual - ICRP\" width=\"610\" height=\"225\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tissue-weighting-factor-ICRP.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Refer\u00eancia especial: ICRP, 2007. Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es de 2007 da Comiss\u00e3o Internacional de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Radiol\u00f3gica.\u00a0Publica\u00e7\u00e3o 103 da ICRP. Ann.\u00a0ICRP 37 (2-4).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para esta finalidade, o corpo foi dividido em 15 \u00f3rg\u00e3os diferentes &#8211; cada um com um fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o w\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Se apenas parte do corpo \u00e9 irradiada, somente essas regi\u00f5es s\u00e3o usadas para calcular a dose efetiva.\u00a0Os factores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o tecido\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>somar a 1,0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, de modo que, se um corpo inteiro \u00e9 irradiada com radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa uniformemente penetrante, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dose eficaz<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para o todo do corpo \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>igual<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dose equivalente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para o corpo inteiro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sum-tissue-weighting-factors.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25462 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sum-tissue-weighting-factors.png\" alt=\"soma - fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o tecidual\" width=\"133\" height=\"73\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sum-tissue-weighting-factors.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Se uma pessoa \u00e9 irradiada apenas parcialmente, a dose depender\u00e1 fortemente do tecido que foi irradiado.\u00a0Por exemplo, uma dose gama de 10 mSv para todo o corpo e uma dose de 50 mSv para a tire\u00f3ide \u00e9 a mesma, em termos de risco, que uma dose para todo o corpo de 10 + 0,04 x 50 = 12 mSv.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Exemplos de doses em Sieverts<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Devemos notar que a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\"><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta.\u00a0Dentro, ao redor e acima do mundo em que vivemos. \u00c9 uma for\u00e7a de energia natural que nos rodeia.\u00a0\u00c9 uma parte do nosso mundo natural que est\u00e1 aqui desde o nascimento do nosso planeta.\u00a0Nos pontos a seguir, tentamos expressar enormes faixas de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o, que podem ser obtidas de v\u00e1rias fontes.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>0,05 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dormindo ao lado de algu\u00e9m<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>0,09 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Morando a 48 quil\u00f4metros de uma usina nuclear por um ano<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>0,1 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Comendo uma banana<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>0,3 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Morando a 80 quil\u00f4metros de uma usina a carv\u00e3o por um ano<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>10 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dose m\u00e9dia di\u00e1ria recebida do fundo natural<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>20 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; radiografia de t\u00f3rax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>40 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Um voo de avi\u00e3o de 5 horas<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>600 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; mamografia<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1 000 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Limite de dose para membros individuais do p\u00fablico, dose efetiva total por ano<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>3 650 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dose m\u00e9dia anual recebida do fundo natural<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>5 800 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; tomografia computadorizada do t\u00f3rax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>10 000 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dose m\u00e9dia anual recebida do ambiente natural em Ramsar, Ir\u00e3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>20 000 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; tomografia computadorizada de corpo inteiro<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>175 000 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dose anual de radia\u00e7\u00e3o natural em uma praia de monazita perto de Guarapari, Brasil.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>5 000 000 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Dose que mata um ser humano com um risco de 50% dentro de 30 dias (LD50 \/ 30), se a dose for recebida por um per\u00edodo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>muito curto<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Como pode ser visto, doses baixas s\u00e3o comuns na vida cotidiana.\u00a0Os exemplos anteriores podem ajudar a ilustrar magnitudes relativas.\u00a0Do ponto de vista das consequ\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas, \u00e9 muito importante distinguir entre doses recebidas em\u00a0<strong>per\u00edodos\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span>curtos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>prolongados<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Uma \u201c\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dose aguda<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u201d \u00e9 aquela que ocorre por um per\u00edodo curto e finito de tempo, enquanto uma \u201c\u00a0<strong>dose cr\u00f4nica<\/strong>\u00a0\u201d<\/span><span>\u201d\u00c9 uma dose que continua por um longo per\u00edodo de tempo, para que seja melhor descrita por uma taxa de dose.\u00a0Altas doses tendem a matar c\u00e9lulas, enquanto doses baixas tendem a danific\u00e1-las ou alter\u00e1-las.\u00a0Doses baixas espalhadas por longos per\u00edodos de tempo n\u00e3o causam problemas imediatos a nenhum \u00f3rg\u00e3o do corpo.\u00a0Os efeitos de baixas doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ocorrem no n\u00edvel da c\u00e9lula e os resultados podem n\u00e3o ser observados por muitos anos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Taxa de dose efetiva<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de dose efetiva<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a taxa na qual uma dose efetiva \u00e9 recebida.\u00a0\u00c9 uma medida da intensidade da dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o (ou for\u00e7a).\u00a0A taxa de dose efetiva \u00e9, portanto, definida como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-rate-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25464 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-rate-definition.png\" alt=\"taxa de dose efetiva - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"483\" height=\"326\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/effective-dose-rate-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Em unidades convencionais, \u00e9 medido em mSv \/ s\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0Sv \/ h, mrem \/ s ou rem \/ h.\u00a0Como a quantidade de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o depende diretamente (linearmente)\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>do tempo que as<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pessoas passam perto da fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, a dose efetiva \u00e9 igual \u00e0 for\u00e7a do campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o (taxa de dose) multiplicada pelo tempo gasto nesse campo.\u00a0O exemplo acima indica que uma pessoa pode esperar receber uma dose de 25 millirems permanecendo em um campo de 50 millirems \/ hora por trinta minutos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>C\u00e1lculo da taxa de dose protegida<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Suponha a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fonte isotr\u00f3pica pontual<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que cont\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1,0 Ci de\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>137<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Cs<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que tem uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/\"><span>meia-vida<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>30,2 anos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Observe que a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a meia-vida e a quantidade de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/radionuclide-radioisotope\/\"><span>radionucl\u00eddeo<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0necess\u00e1ria para gerar uma atividade de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/units-of-radioactivity\/curie-unit-of-radioactivity\/\"><span>um curie<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 mostrada abaixo.\u00a0Essa quantidade de material pode ser calculada usando \u03bb, que \u00e9 a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/decay-constant\/\"><span>constante<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/decay-constant\/\">decaimento<\/a>\u00a0de determinado nucl\u00eddeo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-24886 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\" alt=\"Curie - Unidade de Atividade\" width=\"378\" height=\"61\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Curie-Unit-of-Activity.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Cerca de 94,6% decai por\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\"><span>emiss\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0em um\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/nuclides\/isomers\/\"><span>is\u00f4mero nuclear<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0metaest\u00e1vel\u00a0de b\u00e1rio: b\u00e1rio-137m.\u00a0O pico principal de f\u00f3tons de Ba-137m \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>662 keV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para esse c\u00e1lculo, suponha que todos os decaimentos passem por esse canal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Calcule a taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria do f\u00f3ton<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, em sieverts por hora (Sv.h\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0), na superf\u00edcie externa de uma blindagem de chumbo com 5 cm de espessura.\u00a0Em seguida,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>calcule as\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>taxas de dose equivalentes e efetivas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para dois casos.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>Suponha que esse campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa penetre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>uniformemente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0por todo o corpo.\u00a0Isso significa: Calcule a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa efetiva de dose para todo o corpo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Suponha que esse campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o externa penetre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>apenas os pulm\u00f5es<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e os outros \u00f3rg\u00e3os estejam completamente protegidos.\u00a0Isso significa: Calcule a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de dose efetiva<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Observe que a taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria de f\u00f3tons negligencia todas as part\u00edculas secund\u00e1rias.\u00a0Suponha que a dist\u00e2ncia efetiva da fonte do ponto de dose seja\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Tamb\u00e9m devemos assumir que o ponto de dose \u00e9 um tecido mole, que pode ser razoavelmente simulado pela \u00e1gua e usamos o coeficiente de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de energia em massa da \u00e1gua.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/\"><span>Atenua\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation\/shielding-gamma-radiation\/\"><span>Blindagem de raios gama<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A taxa de dose prim\u00e1ria de f\u00f3tons \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/\"><span>atenuada exponencialmente<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, e a taxa de dose de f\u00f3tons prim\u00e1rios, levando em considera\u00e7\u00e3o o escudo, \u00e9 dada por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25304 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo da taxa de dose\" width=\"671\" height=\"307\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dose-rate-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Como pode ser visto, n\u00e3o consideramos o ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria.\u00a0Se part\u00edculas secund\u00e1rias forem produzidas ou se a radia\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria mudar sua energia ou dire\u00e7\u00e3o, a atenua\u00e7\u00e3o efetiva ser\u00e1 muito menor.\u00a0Essa suposi\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente subestima a taxa de dose verdadeira, especialmente para blindagens espessas e quando o ponto de dose est\u00e1 pr\u00f3ximo \u00e0 superf\u00edcie da blindagem, mas essa suposi\u00e7\u00e3o simplifica todos os c\u00e1lculos.\u00a0Nesse caso, a taxa real de dose (com o ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria) ser\u00e1 mais de duas vezes maior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para calcular a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de dose absorvida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, precisamos usar a f\u00f3rmula:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>k = 5,76 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-7<\/span><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><span>S = 3,7 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>10<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0s\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><span>E = 0,662 MeV<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u03bc\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>t<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ \u03c1 =\u00a0<\/span><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><span>0,0326 cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ g (os valores est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis no NIST)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u03bc = 1,289 cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0(os valores est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis no NIST)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D = 5 cm<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>r = 10 cm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Resultado:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A taxa de dose absorvida resultante em cinza por hora \u00e9 ent\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25319 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\" alt=\"taxa de dose absorvida - cinza - c\u00e1lculo\" width=\"551\" height=\"153\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation-1.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>1) irradia\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Como o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/radiation-weighting-factor\/\"><span>fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0da\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/radiation-weighting-factor\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0para\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\"><span>os raios gama<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 igual a um e assumimos o campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme (o fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do tecido tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 igual \u00e0 unidade), podemos calcular diretamente a taxa de dose equivalente e a taxa de dose efetiva (E = H\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) a partir da taxa de dose absorvida, como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25478 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo - dose efetiva - uniforme\" width=\"467\" height=\"182\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>2) irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Neste caso, assumimos uma irradia\u00e7\u00e3o parcial apenas dos pulm\u00f5es.\u00a0Assim, temos que utilizar o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>factor de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o de tecido<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o que \u00e9 igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>w\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 0,12<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O fator de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o para raios gama \u00e9 igual a um.\u00a0Como resultado, podemos calcular a taxa de dose efetiva como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25480 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1lculo - dose efetiva - n\u00e3o uniforme\" width=\"495\" height=\"178\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-non-uniform.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Observe que, se uma parte do corpo (por exemplo, os pulm\u00f5es) recebe uma dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, isso representa um risco para um efeito particularmente prejudicial (por exemplo, c\u00e2ncer de pulm\u00e3o).\u00a0Se a mesma dose \u00e9 administrada a outro \u00f3rg\u00e3o, isso representa um fator de risco diferente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Se queremos dar conta do ac\u00famulo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria, precisamos incluir o fator de ac\u00famulo.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00f3rmula estendida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para a taxa de dose \u00e9 ent\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25303 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\" alt=\"taxa de dose absorvida - cinza\" width=\"693\" height=\"158\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/absorbed-dose-rate-gray-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, a dose eficaz \u00e9 uma quantidade de dose definida como a soma das doses equivalentes ao tecido ponderadas pelos fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00f3rg\u00e3o (tecido) da ICRP, wT, que levam em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a sensibilidade vari\u00e1vel de diferentes \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Na protec\u00e7\u00e3o contra as radia\u00e7\u00f5es, a\u00a0dose eficaz\u00a0\u00e9 &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 dose eficaz &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dose-eficaz-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 dose eficaz &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 dose eficaz - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Na prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o, a dose eficaz \u00e9 uma quantidade de dose definida como a soma das doses equivalentes ao tecido ponderadas pelos fatores de pondera\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00f3rg\u00e3o (tecido) da ICRP, wT, que levam em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a sensibilidade vari\u00e1vel de diferentes \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o. 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