{"id":21495,"date":"2020-07-20T06:14:24","date_gmt":"2020-07-20T06:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-interacao-de-radiacao-beta-com-materia-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-20T06:14:24","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T06:14:24","slug":"o-que-e-interacao-de-radiacao-beta-com-materia-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-interacao-de-radiacao-beta-com-materia-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 intera\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com mat\u00e9ria &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">As intera\u00e7\u00f5es da radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta (part\u00edculas beta) s\u00e3o baseadas principalmente em dois mecanismos.\u00a0Excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1tomos e produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bremsstrahlung.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>Descri\u00e7\u00e3o Beta Particles<\/h2>\n<p><strong>As part\u00edculas beta<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>el\u00e9trons ou p\u00f3sitrons de<\/strong>\u00a0alta energia e alta velocidade\u00a0emitidos por certos\u00a0<a title=\"Fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\">fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0ou por certos n\u00facleos radioativos primordiais, como o pot\u00e1ssio-40.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta s\u00e3o uma\u00a0<a title=\"Formas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/forms-ionizing-radiation\/\">forma de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/a>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m conhecida como raios beta.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas beta \u00e9 denominada\u00a0<strong>decaimento beta<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Existem duas formas de decaimento beta,\u00a0<strong>o decaimento de el\u00e9trons (decaimento \u03b2)<\/strong>\u00a0e o\u00a0<strong>decaimento de p\u00f3sitrons (\u03b2 + decaimento)<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Em um\u00a0<a title=\"Reator nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\">reator nuclear,<\/a>\u00a0ocorre especialmente o decaimento \u03b2, porque a caracter\u00edstica comum dos produtos de fiss\u00e3o \u00e9 um\u00a0<strong>excesso de\u00a0<a title=\"N\u00eautron\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\">n\u00eautrons<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(\u00a0<a title=\"Estabilidade nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/nuclear-stability\/\">consulte Estabilidade nuclear).<\/a>)\u00a0Um fragmento de fiss\u00e3o inst\u00e1vel com excesso de n\u00eautrons sofre \u03b2-decaimento, onde o n\u00eautron \u00e9 convertido em pr\u00f3ton, el\u00e9tron e\u00a0<a title=\"Antineutrino\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\">antineutrino<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11688\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11688 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\" alt=\"decaimento beta\" width=\"668\" height=\"178\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11688\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decaimento beta do n\u00facleo C-14.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Espectro de part\u00edculas beta<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11708\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11708 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\" alt=\"Espectro de energia do decaimento beta\" width=\"300\" height=\"239\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11708\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>A forma dessa curva de energia depende de qual fra\u00e7\u00e3o da energia da rea\u00e7\u00e3o (valor Q &#8211; a quantidade de energia liberada pela rea\u00e7\u00e3o) \u00e9 transportada pelo el\u00e9tron ou neutrino.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>No processo de decaimento beta, um el\u00e9tron ou um p\u00f3sitron \u00e9 emitido.\u00a0Essa emiss\u00e3o \u00e9 acompanhada pela emiss\u00e3o de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Antineutrino\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\"><strong><span>antineutrino<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(\u03b2-decaimento) ou\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Neutrino\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutrino\/\"><strong><span>neutrino<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(\u03b2 + decaimento), que compartilha energia e momento do decaimento.\u00a0A emiss\u00e3o beta tem um espectro caracter\u00edstico.\u00a0Esse\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Espectro de part\u00edculas beta\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/spectrum-beta-particles\/\"><span>espectro<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0caracter\u00edstico\u00a0\u00e9 causado pelo fato de que um neutrino ou um antineutrino \u00e9 emitido com a emiss\u00e3o de part\u00edculas beta.\u00a0A forma dessa curva de energia depende de qual fra\u00e7\u00e3o da energia da rea\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>valor Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; a quantidade de energia liberada pela rea\u00e7\u00e3o) \u00e9 transportada pela part\u00edcula maci\u00e7a.\u00a0Part\u00edculas beta, portanto, pode ser emitida com qualquer energia cin\u00e9tica que varia de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0 a Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Em 1934, Enrico Fermi havia desenvolvido um<\/span><strong><span>Teoria de Fermi do decaimento beta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que previa o formato dessa curva de energia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Natureza da intera\u00e7\u00e3o da radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com a mat\u00e9ria<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>Resumo dos tipos de intera\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Colis\u00f5es inel\u00e1sticas com el\u00e9trons at\u00f4micos (excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Espalhamento el\u00e1stico dos n\u00facleos<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Bremsstrahlung\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/bremsstrahlung-2\/\"><strong><span>Bremsstrahlung.<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/cherenkov-radiation\/\"><strong><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov.<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><a title=\"Aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o de Positrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/positron-annihilation-2\/\"><span>Aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(apenas p\u00f3sitrons)<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11707\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cloud-chamber-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11707 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cloud-chamber-2-300x167.png\" alt=\"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas em uma c\u00e2mara de nuvens.\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cloud-chamber-2-300x167.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Compara\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas em uma c\u00e2mara de nuvens.\u00a0Fonte: wikipedia.org<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>A natureza de uma intera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0com a mat\u00e9ria \u00e9 diferente da\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\"><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o alfa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, apesar do fato de que as part\u00edculas beta tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o part\u00edculas carregadas.\u00a0Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as part\u00edculas alfa, as part\u00edculas beta t\u00eam\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>massa muito menor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e atingem\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>principalmente energias relativ\u00edsticas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Sua massa \u00e9 igual \u00e0 massa dos el\u00e9trons orbitais com os quais eles est\u00e3o interagindo e, diferentemente da part\u00edcula alfa, uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o muito maior de sua energia cin\u00e9tica pode ser perdida em uma \u00fanica intera\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Como as part\u00edculas beta atingem principalmente as energias relativ\u00edsticas, a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Poder de parada - Bethe Formula\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-heavy-charged-particles\/stopping-power-bethe-formula\/\"><span>f\u00f3rmula<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0n\u00e3o-\u00a0relativ\u00edstica de\u00a0<a title=\"Poder de parada - Bethe Formula\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-heavy-charged-particles\/stopping-power-bethe-formula\/\">Bethe<\/a>\u00a0n\u00e3o pode ser usada.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Para el\u00e9trons de alta energia,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0uma express\u00e3o semelhante tamb\u00e9m foi derivada por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Bethe<\/span><\/strong><span>descrever a perda de energia espec\u00edfica devido \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(as &#8220;perdas colisionais&#8221;).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11703\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11703\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bethe_formula_electrons.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11703 size-large lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bethe_formula_electrons-1024x299.png\" alt=\"F\u00f3rmula Bethe modificada para part\u00edculas beta.\" width=\"669\" height=\"195\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bethe_formula_electrons-1024x299.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11703\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>F\u00f3rmula Bethe modificada para part\u00edculas beta.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Al\u00e9m disso, as part\u00edculas beta podem interagir via intera\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>el\u00e9tron-nuclear<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(dispers\u00e3o el\u00e1stica dos n\u00facleos), o que pode alterar significativamente a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dire\u00e7\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Portanto, o caminho deles n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o direto.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta seguem um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>caminho<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0muito em\u00a0<strong>zigue-zague<\/strong>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s do material absorvente; esse caminho resultante da part\u00edcula \u00e9 maior que a penetra\u00e7\u00e3o linear (faixa) no material.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As part\u00edculas beta tamb\u00e9m diferem de outras part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas na fra\u00e7\u00e3o de energia perdida pelo processo radiativo conhecido como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bremsstrahlung<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Da teoria cl\u00e1ssica, quando uma part\u00edcula carregada \u00e9 acelerada ou desacelerada,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ela deve irradiar energia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e a radia\u00e7\u00e3o de desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conhecida como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bremsstrahlung (&#8220;radia\u00e7\u00e3o de frenagem&#8221;)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Existe outro mecanismo pelo qual as part\u00edculas beta perdem energia atrav\u00e9s da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica.\u00a0Quando a part\u00edcula beta se move mais r\u00e1pido que a velocidade da luz (velocidade de fase) no material, gera uma onda de choque de radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica conhecida como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o de Cherenkov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Os p\u00f3sitrons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0interagem de maneira semelhante com a mat\u00e9ria\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quando s\u00e3o energ\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Mas quando o p\u00f3sitron\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>vem para descansar<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ele interage com um el\u00e9tron de carga negativa, resultando\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>na aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do par el\u00e9tron-p\u00f3sitron.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Bremsstrahlung<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11709\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11709\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11709 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-300x282.gif\" alt=\"Bremsstrahlung\" width=\"300\" height=\"282\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-300x282.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Quando um el\u00e9tron \u00e9 acelerado ou desacelerado, ele emite radia\u00e7\u00e3o e, portanto, perde energia e diminui a velocidade.\u00a0Essa radia\u00e7\u00e3o de desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conhecida como bremsstrahlung.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>O bremsstrahlung<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 a radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica produzida pela acelera\u00e7\u00e3o ou desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma part\u00edcula carregada quando desviada por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>campos magn\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(um el\u00e9tron pelo campo magn\u00e9tico do acelerador de part\u00edculas)\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ou outra part\u00edcula carregada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(um el\u00e9tron por um n\u00facleo at\u00f4mico).\u00a0O nome bremsstrahlung vem do alem\u00e3o.\u00a0A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o literal \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>&#8216;radia\u00e7\u00e3o de frenagem&#8217;<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Da teoria cl\u00e1ssica, quando uma part\u00edcula carregada \u00e9 acelerada ou desacelerada, ela deve irradiar energia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Bremsstrahlung\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/bremsstrahlung-2\/\"><span>O bremsstrahlung<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 uma das poss\u00edveis intera\u00e7\u00f5es de part\u00edculas carregadas de luz com a mat\u00e9ria (especialmente com\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>altos n\u00fameros at\u00f4micos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As duas ocorr\u00eancias mais comuns de bremsstrahlung s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span>Desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o da part\u00edcula carregada.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span>Quando part\u00edculas carregadas entram em um material, elas s\u00e3o desaceleradas pelo campo el\u00e9trico dos n\u00facleos at\u00f4micos e el\u00e9trons at\u00f4micos.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span>Acelera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas carregadas.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span>Quando part\u00edculas carregadas ultra-relativ\u00edsticas se movem atrav\u00e9s de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>campos magn\u00e9ticos,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0elas s\u00e3o for\u00e7adas a se mover ao longo de um caminho curvo.\u00a0Como a dire\u00e7\u00e3o do movimento est\u00e1 mudando continuamente, eles tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o acelerando e emitindo bremsstrahlung; nesse caso, \u00e9 chamada de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00edncrotron<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11704\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11704\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-vs.-Ionization.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11704 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-vs.-Ionization-300x207.png\" alt=\"Bremsstrahlung vs. Ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-vs.-Ionization-300x207.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Perda de energia fracion\u00e1ria por comprimento de radia\u00e7\u00e3o no chumbo em<\/span><br \/>\n<span>fun\u00e7\u00e3o da energia do el\u00e9tron ou do p\u00f3sitron.\u00a0Fonte: http:\/\/pdg.lbl.gov\/<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Como o bremsstrahlung \u00e9 muito mais forte para part\u00edculas mais leves, esse efeito \u00e9 muito mais importante para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>part\u00edculas beta do<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que para pr\u00f3tons,\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\"><span>part\u00edculas alfa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e n\u00facleos carregados pesados \u200b\u200b(\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\"><span>fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0).\u00a0Esse efeito pode ser desprezado em energias de part\u00edculas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>abaixo de 1 MeV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, porque a perda de energia devido \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bremsstrahlung<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 muito pequena.\u00a0A perda de radia\u00e7\u00e3o come\u00e7a a se tornar importante apenas em energias de part\u00edculas bem acima da energia m\u00ednima de ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Nas energias relativ\u00edsticas, a raz\u00e3o entre a taxa de perda por bremsstrahlung e a taxa de perda por ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aproximadamente proporcional ao produto da energia cin\u00e9tica da part\u00edcula e ao n\u00famero at\u00f4mico do absorvedor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de bremsstrahlung depende principalmente destes termos:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-cross-section.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11710 size-medium lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-cross-section-300x52.png\" alt=\"F\u00f3rmula de se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de Bremsstrahlung\" width=\"300\" height=\"52\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bremsstrahlung-cross-section-300x52.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Portanto, a raz\u00e3o entre os poderes de parada de bremsstrahlung e as perdas de ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Ratio_bremstrahlung_ionization1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11712 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Ratio_bremstrahlung_ionization1.png\" alt=\"Bremsstrahlung \/ Ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o perde propor\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"189\" height=\"79\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Ratio_bremstrahlung_ionization1.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>, onde E \u00e9 a energia cin\u00e9tica da part\u00edcula (el\u00e9tron), Z \u00e9 o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico m\u00e9dio do material e E &#8216;\u00e9 uma constante de proporcionalidade;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00c9 800 MeV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A energia cin\u00e9tica na qual a perda de energia por bremsstrahlung \u00e9 igual \u00e0 perda de energia por ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o e excita\u00e7\u00e3o (perdas colisionais) \u00e9 chamada de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>energia cr\u00edtica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Outro par\u00e2metro \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>comprimento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0, definido como a dist\u00e2ncia pela qual a energia el\u00e9trica do incidente \u00e9 reduzida em um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fator 1 \/ e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(0,37) devido apenas \u00e0s perdas de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0A tabela a seguir fornece alguns valores t\u00edpicos:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/critical-energies.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11713 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/critical-energies.png\" alt=\"Tabela de energias cr\u00edticas e comprimentos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"582\" height=\"189\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/critical-energies.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>A radia\u00e7\u00e3o cherenkov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 uma\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0eletromagn\u00e9tica emitida quando uma part\u00edcula carregada (como um el\u00e9tron) se move atrav\u00e9s de um meio diel\u00e9trico mais r\u00e1pido que\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a velocidade da fase da luz nesse meio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0\u00c9 semelhante \u00e0 onda de proa produzida por um barco que viaja mais r\u00e1pido que a velocidade das ondas de \u00e1gua.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ocorre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>apenas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0se a velocidade da part\u00edcula for maior que a velocidade da fase da luz no material.\u00a0Mesmo em altas energias, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>energia perdida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pela radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9 muito menor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que a dos outros mecanismos (colis\u00f5es, bremsstrahlung).\u00a0\u00c9 nomeado ap\u00f3s o f\u00edsico sovi\u00e9tico\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que dividiu o Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica em 1958 com<\/span><strong><span>Ilya Frank e Igor Tamm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pela descoberta da radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov, realizada em 1934.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11714\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov-example.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11714 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov-example.gif\" alt=\"radia\u00e7\u00e3o cherenkov\" width=\"464\" height=\"242\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov-example.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Fonte: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11716\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov_reactor.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11716 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov_reactor-300x199.jpeg\" alt=\"Cherenkov Radia\u00e7\u00e3o no n\u00facleo do reator.\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cherenkov_reactor-300x199.jpeg\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11716\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Cherenkov Radia\u00e7\u00e3o no n\u00facleo do reator.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>A radia\u00e7\u00e3o Cherenkov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pode ser usada para detectar part\u00edculas carregadas de alta energia (especialmente part\u00edculas beta).\u00a0Nos\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Reator nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\"><span>reatores nucleares<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0ou em um reservat\u00f3rio de combust\u00edvel nuclear usado, part\u00edculas beta (el\u00e9trons de alta energia) s\u00e3o liberadas \u00e0 medida que os fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o decaem.\u00a0O brilho \u00e9 vis\u00edvel tamb\u00e9m ap\u00f3s a rea\u00e7\u00e3o em cadeia parar (no reator).\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o cherenkov pode caracterizar a radioatividade remanescente do combust\u00edvel nuclear usado, portanto, pode ser usada para medir a queima de combust\u00edvel.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Intera\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00f3sitrons<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Pair-production-in-chamber.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-11706 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Pair-production-in-chamber-216x300.jpg\" alt=\"Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pares na c\u00e2mara\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Pair-production-in-chamber-216x300.jpg\" \/><\/a><strong><span>As for\u00e7as coulombianas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que constituem o principal mecanismo de perda de energia para os el\u00e9trons est\u00e3o presentes tanto para a carga positiva quanto para a carga negativa na part\u00edcula e constituem o principal mecanismo de perda de energia tamb\u00e9m para os p\u00f3sitrons.\u00a0Qualquer que seja a intera\u00e7\u00e3o, envolva uma for\u00e7a repulsiva ou atraente entre a part\u00edcula incidente e o el\u00e9tron orbital (ou n\u00facleo at\u00f4mico), o impulso e a transfer\u00eancia de energia para part\u00edculas de igual massa\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>s\u00e3o praticamente os mesmos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Portanto, os\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p\u00f3sitrons interagem de maneira semelhante<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0com a mat\u00e9ria\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quando s\u00e3o energ\u00e9ticos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A trilha de p\u00f3sitrons no material \u00e9 semelhante \u00e0 trilha de el\u00e9trons.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>At\u00e9 a perda de energia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e o alcance espec\u00edficos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>s\u00e3o os mesmos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para as energias iniciais iguais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>No final de seu caminho<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, os\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p\u00f3sitrons diferem significativamente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dos el\u00e9trons.\u00a0Quando um p\u00f3sitron (part\u00edcula de antimat\u00e9ria) p\u00e1ra, ele interage com um el\u00e9tron (part\u00edcula de mat\u00e9ria), resultando na\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de ambas as part\u00edculas e na convers\u00e3o completa de sua massa de repouso\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>em energia pura<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(de acordo com a\u00a0f\u00f3rmula\u00a0E = mc\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0) na forma de dois\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>raios gama de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a00,511 MeV direcionados de maneira oposta\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"F\u00f3ton - Part\u00edcula Fundamental\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\"><span>f\u00f3tons<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o de Positrons<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11717\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11717\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positron-annihilation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11717 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positron-annihilation-300x165.png\" alt=\"aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o de p\u00f3sitrons\" width=\"300\" height=\"165\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positron-annihilation-300x165.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11717\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Quando um p\u00f3sitron (part\u00edcula de antimat\u00e9ria) p\u00e1ra, ele interage com um el\u00e9tron, resultando na aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o de ambas as part\u00edculas e na convers\u00e3o completa de sua massa de repouso em energia pura na forma de dois f\u00f3tons de 0,511 MeV direcionados de maneira oposta.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>A aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9tron-p\u00f3sitron ocorre quando um el\u00e9tron carregado negativamente e um p\u00f3sitron carregado positivamente colidem. Quando um el\u00e9tron de baixa energia aniquila um p\u00f3sitron de baixa energia (antipart\u00edcula de el\u00e9tron), ele pode produzir apenas dois ou mais f\u00f3tons (raios gama).\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00c9 proibida a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0produ\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<strong>apenas um f\u00f3ton<\/strong>\u00a0por causa da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do momento linear e da energia total.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de outra part\u00edcula tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 proibida, porque ambas as part\u00edculas (el\u00e9tron-p\u00f3sitron) juntas n\u00e3o carregam energia de massa suficiente para produzir part\u00edculas mais pesadas.\u00a0Quando um el\u00e9tron e um p\u00f3sitron colidem, eles se aniquilam, resultando na convers\u00e3o completa de sua massa em repouso em energia pura (de acordo com a\u00a0\u00a0f\u00f3rmula\u00a0E = mc\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0) na forma de dois raios gama de 0,511 MeV gama dirigidos de maneira oposta (f\u00f3tons).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>e\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>&#8211;<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0+ e\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>+<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\u2192 \u03b3 + \u03b3 (2x 0,511 MeV)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Esse processo deve atender a v\u00e1rias leis de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, incluindo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de carga el\u00e9trica.\u00a0A carga l\u00edquida antes e depois \u00e9 zero.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do momento linear e energia total.\u00a0T<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do momento angular.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-youtube su-u-responsive-media-yes\"><iframe class=\"lazy-loaded\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rCtWyYX3kkY?\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-lazy-type=\"iframe\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rCtWyYX3kkY?\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As intera\u00e7\u00f5es da radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta (part\u00edculas beta) s\u00e3o baseadas principalmente em dois mecanismos.\u00a0Excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1tomos e produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bremsstrahlung.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Descri\u00e7\u00e3o Beta Particles As part\u00edculas beta\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0el\u00e9trons ou p\u00f3sitrons de\u00a0alta energia e alta velocidade\u00a0emitidos por certos\u00a0fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o\u00a0ou por certos n\u00facleos radioativos primordiais, como o pot\u00e1ssio-40.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta s\u00e3o uma\u00a0forma de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante\u00a0tamb\u00e9m &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 intera\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com mat\u00e9ria &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-interacao-de-radiacao-beta-com-materia-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 intera\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com mat\u00e9ria &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 intera\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com mat\u00e9ria - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As intera\u00e7\u00f5es da radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta (part\u00edculas beta) s\u00e3o baseadas principalmente em dois mecanismos. Excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1tomos e produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bremsstrahlung. Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-interacao-de-radiacao-beta-com-materia-definicao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O que \u00e9 intera\u00e7\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta com mat\u00e9ria - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As intera\u00e7\u00f5es da radia\u00e7\u00e3o beta (part\u00edculas beta) s\u00e3o baseadas principalmente em dois mecanismos. Excita\u00e7\u00e3o e ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1tomos e produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bremsstrahlung. 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