{"id":18077,"date":"2020-06-26T18:56:56","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T18:56:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-equilibrio-transitorio-equilibrio-radioativo-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-24T05:43:15","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T05:43:15","slug":"o-que-e-equilibrio-transitorio-equilibrio-radioativo-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-equilibrio-transitorio-equilibrio-radioativo-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 Equil\u00edbrio Transit\u00f3rio &#8211; Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">O equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio existe quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 maior que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha, mas a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00facleo pai diminui significativamente no tempo.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p>Na f\u00edsica dos\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/radioactivity-nuclear-decay\/\"><strong>decaimentos nucleares<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0existe\u00a0um\u00a0<strong>equil\u00edbrio radioativo<\/strong>\u00a0quando um nucl\u00eddeo radioativo est\u00e1 decaindo na mesma taxa em que est\u00e1 sendo produzido.\u00a0O n\u00facleo de desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 geralmente chamado de\u00a0<strong>n\u00facleo pai<\/strong>\u00a0e o n\u00facleo remanescente ap\u00f3s o evento como\u00a0<strong>n\u00facleo filha<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O n\u00facleo da filha pode ser est\u00e1vel ou radioativo.\u00a0Se for radioativo, decai em um n\u00facleo filha e assim por diante.\u00a0Assim, cada n\u00facleo progenitor radioativo pode iniciar uma s\u00e9rie de decaimentos, com cada produto de decaimento tendo sua pr\u00f3pria caracter\u00edstica constante de decaimento.<\/p>\n<p>A concentra\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00facleos filha no equil\u00edbrio radioativo depende principalmente das propor\u00e7\u00f5es de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/\">meia-vida<\/a>\u00a0(ou\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/decay-constant\/\">constantes de decaimento<\/a>\u00a0) dos n\u00facleos pai e filha.\u00a0Como a taxa de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e a taxa de decaimento s\u00e3o iguais, o n\u00famero de \u00e1tomos presentes permanece constante ao longo do tempo.\u00a0De qualquer forma, um equil\u00edbrio radioativo n\u00e3o \u00e9 estabelecido imediatamente, mas s\u00f3 ocorre ap\u00f3s um\u00a0<strong>per\u00edodo de transi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Esse per\u00edodo \u00e9 da ordem de poucas meias-vidas do n\u00facleo de maior dura\u00e7\u00e3o na cadeia de decaimento.\u00a0No caso de cadeias de decaimento radioativo, um equil\u00edbrio radioativo pode ser estabelecido entre cada membro da cadeia de decaimento.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radioactive-equilibrium-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25266 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radioactive-equilibrium-equation.png\" alt=\"equil\u00edbrio radioativo - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"170\" height=\"97\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/radioactive-equilibrium-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Como foi escrito, a proporcionalidade das meias-vidas \u00e9 um par\u00e2metro-chave, que determina o\u00a0<strong>tipo de equil\u00edbrio radioativo<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O equil\u00edbrio radioativo n\u00e3o \u00e9 estabelecido quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 menor que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha.\u00a0Nesse caso, a taxa de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e a taxa de decaimento de determinado membro da cadeia de decaimento n\u00e3o podem ser iguais.<\/li>\n<li><strong>O equil\u00edbrio radioativo secular<\/strong>\u00a0existe quando o n\u00facleo pai tem uma meia-vida extremamente longa.\u00a0Esse tipo de equil\u00edbrio \u00e9 particularmente importante por natureza.\u00a0Ao longo dos 4,5 bilh\u00f5es de anos da hist\u00f3ria da Terra, especialmente o ur\u00e2nio 238, o ur\u00e2nio 235 e o t\u00f3rio 232 e os membros de suas cadeias de decaimento atingiram equil\u00edbrios radioativos entre o n\u00facleo pai e os v\u00e1rios descendentes.<\/li>\n<li>Existe um\u00a0<strong>equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio<\/strong>\u00a0quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 maior que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha.\u00a0Nesse caso, o nucl\u00eddeo pai e o nucl\u00eddeo filha decaem essencialmente na mesma taxa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo Transit\u00f3rio<\/h2>\n<p>O\u00a0<strong>equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio<\/strong>\u00a0existe quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 maior que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha, mas a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00facleo pai diminui significativamente no tempo.\u00a0Nesse caso, o nucl\u00eddeo pai e o nucl\u00eddeo filho podem decair essencialmente na mesma taxa, mas ambas as concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de nucl\u00eddeos diminuem \u00e0 medida que a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00facleos pais diminui.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio do equil\u00edbrio secular, a meia-vida dos n\u00facleos-filha n\u00e3o \u00e9 desprez\u00edvel em compara\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 meia-vida dos pais.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Transient-Equilibrium-Radioactive-Equilibrium.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-25269 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Transient-Equilibrium-Radioactive-Equilibrium-1024x606.png\" alt=\"Equil\u00edbrio Transit\u00f3rio - Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo\" width=\"1024\" height=\"606\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Transient-Equilibrium-Radioactive-Equilibrium-1024x606.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Um exemplo desse tipo de processo de decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o de composto \u00e9 um gerador de tecn\u00e9cio-99m que produz tecn\u00e9cio-99m para procedimentos de diagn\u00f3stico de medicina nuclear a partir do molibd\u00eanio-99.\u00a0A curta meia-vida de Technetium-99m de 6 horas torna imposs\u00edvel o armazenamento e tornaria o transporte muito caro.\u00a0Portanto, para fins m\u00e9dicos, o molibd\u00eanio-99 \u00e9 usado para produzir tecn\u00e9cio-99m.\u00a0Esses dois is\u00f3topos est\u00e3o em\u00a0<strong>equil\u00edbrio transit\u00f3rio<\/strong>.\u00a0A constante de decaimento para o molibd\u00eanio-99 \u00e9 consideravelmente menor que a constante de decaimento para o tecn\u00e9cio-99m.\u00a0Embora a constante de decaimento para o molibd\u00eanio-99 seja menor, a taxa real de decaimento \u00e9 inicialmente maior que a do molibd\u00eanio-99 devido \u00e0 grande diferen\u00e7a em suas concentra\u00e7\u00f5es iniciais.\u00a0\u00c0 medida que a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o da filha aumenta, a taxa de decaimento da filha se aproxima e, eventualmente, coincide com a taxa de decaimento do pai.\u00a0Quando isso ocorre, \u00e9 dito que eles est\u00e3o em\u00a0\u00a0<strong>equil\u00edbrio transit\u00f3rio<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0No caso do gerador Technetium-99m, o equil\u00edbrio transit\u00f3rio ocorre ap\u00f3s cerca de quatro meias-vidas.\u00a0Hoje, o tecn\u00e9cio-99m \u00e9 o elemento mais utilizado na medicina nuclear e \u00e9 empregado em uma ampla variedade de estudos de imagem de medicina nuclear.<\/p>\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m o equil\u00edbrio transit\u00f3rio pode ocasionalmente ser interrompido quando um dos n\u00facleos intermedi\u00e1rios deixa a amostra onde seus ancestrais est\u00e3o confinados.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><span>Equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio com fonte &#8211; exemplo<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Um exemplo especial de equil\u00edbrio radioativo s\u00e3o as concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de iodo-135 e\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/reactor-operation\/xenon-135\/\"><span>xenon-135<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0em um\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\"><span>reator nuclear<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, mas, neste caso, a queima do xen\u00f4nio deve ser levada em considera\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Observe que, nesse caso especial, a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 menor que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o e remo\u00e7\u00e3o de xen\u00f4nio pode ser caracterizada pelas seguintes\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equa\u00e7\u00f5es diferenciais<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/xenon-135-iodine-135-equations.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-18622 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/xenon-135-iodine-135-equations-1024x470.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/xenon-135-iodine-135-equations-1024x470.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/xenon-equilibrium-iodine-equilibrium.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-18613 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform-300x117.png\" alt=\"equil\u00edbrio de xen\u00f4nio - equil\u00edbrio de iodo\" width=\"300\" height=\"237\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform-300x117.png\" \/><\/a><span>Quando a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de produ\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de iodo \u00e9 igual \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de remo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de iodo,\u00a0existe\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equil\u00edbrio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Esse equil\u00edbrio tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 conhecido como &#8220;reservat\u00f3rio de xen\u00f4nio 135&#8221;, pois todo esse iodo deve sofrer uma deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o do xen\u00f4nio.\u00a0Em equil\u00edbrio, a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de iodo permanece constante e \u00e9 designada\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>N\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>I<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0(eq)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A equa\u00e7\u00e3o a seguir para a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de equil\u00edbrio de iodo pode ser determinada a partir da equa\u00e7\u00e3o anterior definindo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dN\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>I<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0\/ dt = 0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Como a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de iodo de equil\u00edbrio \u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 taxa de rea\u00e7\u00e3o de fiss\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 proporcional ao\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/neutron-diffusion-theory\/reactor-thermal-power\/\"><strong><span>n\u00edvel de pot\u00eancia do reator<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Quando a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de produ\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do xen\u00f4nio 135 \u00e9 igual \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taxa de remo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equil\u00edbrio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0existe tamb\u00e9m para o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>x\u00eanon<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de xen\u00f4nio permanece constante e \u00e9 designada\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>N\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Xe<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0(eq)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A seguinte equa\u00e7\u00e3o (1) para a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de equil\u00edbrio de xen\u00f4nio pode ser determinada a partir da equa\u00e7\u00e3o anterior, definindo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dN\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Xe<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0\/ dt = 0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para que o xen\u00f4nio 135 esteja em equil\u00edbrio, o iodo 135 tamb\u00e9m deve estar em equil\u00edbrio.\u00a0Substituindo a express\u00e3o pela concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de iodo de equil\u00edbrio 135 na equa\u00e7\u00e3o para o xen\u00f4nio de equil\u00edbrio (1), resulta o seguinte (2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Xenon-Worth-different-power-levels.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-18613 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform-300x117.png\" alt=\"Xenon Worth - diferentes n\u00edveis de pot\u00eancia\" width=\"300\" height=\"259\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calculation-effective-dose-uniform-300x117.png\" \/><\/a><span>A partir desta equa\u00e7\u00e3o, pode-se observar que o valor de equil\u00edbrio do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>xen\u00f4nio 135<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0aumenta \u00e0 medida que a pot\u00eancia aumenta, porque o numerador \u00e9 proporcional \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/reaction-rate\/\"><span>taxa de rea\u00e7\u00e3o de fiss\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Mas o fluxo t\u00e9rmico tamb\u00e9m est\u00e1 no denominador.\u00a0Portanto, como o fluxo t\u00e9rmico excede algum valor, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>queima de xen\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0come\u00e7a a dominar e, a aproximadamente 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>15<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0n\u00eautrons.cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0.s\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0, a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de xen\u00f4nio-135 se aproxima de um valor limite.\u00a0As concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de iodo de equil\u00edbrio 135 e xen\u00f4nio 135 em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo de n\u00eautrons s\u00e3o ilustradas na figura a seguir.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-arrow\" data-anchor=\"References\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio existe quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 maior que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha, mas a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00facleo pai diminui significativamente no tempo.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Na f\u00edsica dos\u00a0decaimentos nucleares\u00a0,\u00a0existe\u00a0um\u00a0equil\u00edbrio radioativo\u00a0quando um nucl\u00eddeo radioativo est\u00e1 decaindo na mesma taxa em que est\u00e1 sendo produzido.\u00a0O n\u00facleo de desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 geralmente chamado &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 Equil\u00edbrio Transit\u00f3rio &#8211; Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-equilibrio-transitorio-equilibrio-radioativo-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 Equil\u00edbrio Transit\u00f3rio &#8211; Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 Equil\u00edbrio Transit\u00f3rio - Equil\u00edbrio Radioativo - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O equil\u00edbrio radioativo transit\u00f3rio existe quando a meia-vida do n\u00facleo pai \u00e9 maior que a meia-vida do n\u00facleo filha, mas a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00facleo pai diminui significativamente no tempo. 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