{"id":17877,"date":"2020-06-22T23:17:47","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T23:17:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-fonte-de-radiacao-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-22T11:19:21","modified_gmt":"2020-07-22T11:19:21","slug":"o-que-e-fonte-de-radiacao-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fonte-de-radiacao-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">A radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta.\u00a0Em geral, existem duas grandes categorias de fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o: Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de Fundo Natural e Fontes de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Feitas pelo Homem.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Natural-and-Artificial-Radiation-Sources.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-25694 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Natural-and-Artificial-Radiation-Sources-300x209.png\" alt=\"Fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o natural e artificial\" width=\"300\" height=\"209\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Natural-and-Artificial-Radiation-Sources-300x209.png\" \/><\/a>A radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Dentro, ao redor e acima do mundo em que vivemos. \u00c9 uma for\u00e7a de energia natural que nos rodeia.\u00a0\u00c9 uma parte do nosso mundo natural que est\u00e1 aqui desde o nascimento do nosso planeta.\u00a0Todas as criaturas vivas, desde o in\u00edcio dos tempos, foram e ainda est\u00e3o sendo expostas a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/ionizing-radiation\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante \u00e9 gerada por\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-reactions\/\">rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/radioactivity-nuclear-decay\/\">decaimento nuclear<\/a>\u00a0, por temperaturas muito altas ou por acelera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas carregadas em campos eletromagn\u00e9ticos.\u00a0Mas, em geral, existem duas grandes categorias de\u00a0<strong>fontes<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo natural<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o natural de fundo inclui radia\u00e7\u00e3o produzida pelo Sol, raios, radiois\u00f3topos primordiais ou explos\u00f5es de supernovas etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fontes artificiais de radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Fontes artificiais incluem usos m\u00e9dicos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, res\u00edduos de testes nucleares, usos industriais de radia\u00e7\u00e3o etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Refer\u00eancia especial: Fontes e efeitos da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante, Anexo B. UNSCEAR.\u00a0Nova York, 2010. ISBN: 978-92-1-142274-0.<\/p>\n<p>O Comit\u00ea Cient\u00edfico das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre os Efeitos da Radia\u00e7\u00e3o At\u00f4mica (UNSCEAR) listou tipos de exposi\u00e7\u00f5es humanas como:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>exposi\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica, que \u00e9 a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de membros individuais do p\u00fablico e da popula\u00e7\u00e3o em geral<\/li>\n<li>exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o ocupacional, que \u00e9 a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o dos trabalhadores em situa\u00e7\u00f5es em que sua exposi\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 diretamente relacionada ou \u00e9 exigida pelo trabalho<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo natural<\/h2>\n<p>Todas as criaturas vivas, desde o in\u00edcio dos tempos, foram e ainda est\u00e3o sendo expostas a\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Esta radia\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o est\u00e1 associada a nenhuma atividade humana.\u00a0Existem is\u00f3topos radioativos em nossos corpos, casas, ar, \u00e1gua e no solo.\u00a0Todos n\u00f3s tamb\u00e9m estamos expostos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o do espa\u00e7o sideral.<\/p>\n<h3>Tipos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o natural de fundo<\/h3>\n<p>Dividimos todas essas fontes naturais de radia\u00e7\u00e3o em tr\u00eas grupos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/cosmic-radiation-cosmic-rays\/\">Radia\u00e7\u00e3o C\u00f3smica<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00f3smica refere-se a fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o na forma de raios c\u00f3smicos que v\u00eam do sol ou do espa\u00e7o sideral.\u00a0No n\u00edvel do solo, os\u00a0<strong>\u00a0m\u00faons<\/strong>\u00a0, com energias principalmente entre 1 e 20 GeV, contribuem com cerca de 75% da taxa de dose absorvida no ar livre.\u00a0O restante vem de el\u00e9trons produzidos pelos m\u00faons ou presentes na cascata eletromagn\u00e9tica.\u00a0A<a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dose-eficaz-definicao\/\">\u00a0dose<\/a>\u00a0anual de raios c\u00f3smicos\u00a0\u00a0ao n\u00edvel do mar \u00e9 de cerca de\u00a0<strong>\u00a00,27 mSv<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(27 mrem).\u00a0Se voc\u00ea mora em eleva\u00e7\u00f5es mais altas ou \u00e9 um passageiro frequente de uma companhia a\u00e9rea, essa exposi\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser significativamente maior, pois a atmosfera \u00e9 mais fina aqui.\u00a0Os efeitos do\u00a0<strong>\u00a0campo magn\u00e9tico da Terra<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0tamb\u00e9m determinam a dose da\u00a0<strong>\u00a0radia\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00f3smica<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/terrestrial-radiation\/\"><strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Terrestre<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Radia\u00e7\u00e3o terrestre refere-se a fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o que est\u00e3o no solo, na \u00e1gua e na vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Os principais is\u00f3topos preocupantes da radia\u00e7\u00e3o terrestre s\u00e3o o ur\u00e2nio e os produtos de decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o do ur\u00e2nio, como t\u00f3rio, r\u00e1dio e r\u00e1don.\u00a0A taxa de dose m\u00e9dia que se origina dos nucl\u00eddeos terrestres (exceto a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao rad\u00f4nio) \u00e9 de cerca de\u00a0<strong>\u00a00,057 \u00b5Gy \/ h.\u00a0<\/strong>Os valores m\u00e1ximos foram medidos na areia de monazita em Guarapari, Brasil (at\u00e9 50 \u00b5Gy \/ hora e em Kerala, \u00cdndia (cerca de 2 \u00b5Gy \/ hora), e em rochas com alta concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de r\u00e1dio em Ramsar, Ir\u00e3 (de 1 a 10 \u00b5Gy \/ h). A dose m\u00e9dia anual de radia\u00e7\u00e3o para uma pessoa do<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/radon-health-effects-health-risks\/\">\u00a0rad\u00f4nio<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 de cerca de\u00a0<strong>\u00a02 mSv \/ ano<\/strong>\u00a0e pode variar em v\u00e1rias ordens de magnitude de um lugar para outro.\u00a0O rad\u00f4nio \u00e9 t\u00e3o importante que geralmente \u00e9 tratado separadamente.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/internal-source-of-radiation\/\"><strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o interna<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Al\u00e9m das fontes c\u00f3smicas e terrestres, todas as pessoas tamb\u00e9m t\u00eam pot\u00e1ssio radioativo-40, carbono-14, chumbo-210 e outros is\u00f3topos dentro de seus corpos desde o nascimento.\u00a0A concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de pot\u00e1ssio-40 \u00e9 quase\u00a0<strong>\u00a0est\u00e1vel\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0em todas as pessoas a um n\u00edvel de cerca de\u00a0<strong>\u00a055 Bq \/ kg<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(3850 Bq no total), o que corresponde \u00e0 dose efetiva anual de\u00a0<strong>\u00a00,2 mSv<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A dose anual de carbono-14 \u00e9 estimada em cerca de\u00a0<strong>\u00a012 \u03bcSv \/ ano<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo e riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Voc\u00ea n\u00e3o pode passar a vida sem radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O perigo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante reside no fato de que a radia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 invis\u00edvel e n\u00e3o diretamente detect\u00e1vel pelos sentidos humanos.\u00a0As pessoas n\u00e3o podem ver nem sentir radia\u00e7\u00e3o, mas ela deposita energia nas mol\u00e9culas do corpo.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25656\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25656\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/LNT-Model-and-Hormesis-Model.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-25656 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/LNT-Model-and-Hormesis-Model-300x276.png\" alt=\"Modelo LNT e Modelo Hormesis\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/LNT-Model-and-Hormesis-Model-300x276.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25656\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Pressupostos alternativos para a extrapola\u00e7\u00e3o do risco de c\u00e2ncer vs. dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o para n\u00edveis de dose baixa, considerando um risco conhecido em dose alta: modelo LNT e modelo hormesis.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Mas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00e3o se preocupe<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, as doses da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo geralmente s\u00e3o\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>muito pequenas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(exceto a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao rad\u00f4nio).\u00a0Dose baixa aqui significa doses pequenas adicionais compar\u00e1veis \u200b\u200b\u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0normal de\u00a0\u00a0<strong>fundo<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10 \u00b5Sv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0= dose di\u00e1ria m\u00e9dia recebida de fundo natural).\u00a0O problema \u00e9 que, em doses muito baixas, \u00e9 praticamente imposs\u00edvel correlacionar qualquer irradia\u00e7\u00e3o com certos efeitos biol\u00f3gicos.\u00a0Isso ocorre porque a taxa de c\u00e2ncer de linha de base j\u00e1 \u00e9 muito alta e o risco de desenvolver c\u00e2ncer flutua 40% devido ao estilo de vida individual e aos efeitos ambientais, obscurecendo os efeitos sutis da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de baixo n\u00edvel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Em segundo lugar, e isso \u00e9 crucial, a verdade sobre os efeitos na sa\u00fade de baixa dose de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ainda precisa ser encontrada.\u00a0N\u00e3o se sabe exatamente se essas baixas doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o prejudiciais ou ben\u00e9ficas (e onde est\u00e1 o limiar).\u00a0Os \u00f3rg\u00e3os governamentais e reguladores assumem um modelo LNT em vez de um limiar ou hormesis, n\u00e3o porque \u00e9 o mais convincente cientificamente, mas porque \u00e9 a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>estimativa mais conservadora<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O problema desse modelo \u00e9 que ele negligencia uma s\u00e9rie de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processos biol\u00f3gicos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0\u00a0<strong>defesa<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0que podem ser cruciais\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>em baixas doses<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A pesquisa nas \u00faltimas duas d\u00e9cadas \u00e9 muito interessante e mostra que pequenas doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o administradas a uma taxa de dose baixa\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>estimulam os mecanismos de defesa<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Portanto, o modelo LNT n\u00e3o \u00e9 universalmente aceito, com alguns propondo uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o dose-resposta adaptativa, em que baixas doses s\u00e3o protetoras e altas s\u00e3o prejudiciais.\u00a0Muitos estudos contradizem o modelo LNT e muitos deles mostraram resposta adaptativa a baixas doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, resultando em muta\u00e7\u00f5es e c\u00e2nceres reduzidos.\u00a0Este fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 conhecido como\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>hormesis de radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>De acordo com a\u00a0hip\u00f3tese\u00a0da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o hormonal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o compar\u00e1vel e logo acima do n\u00edvel natural de radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo n\u00e3o \u00e9 prejudicial, mas ben\u00e9fica, embora se aceite que n\u00edveis muito mais altos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o perigosos.\u00a0Os argumentos para a hormesis est\u00e3o centrados em alguns estudos epidemiol\u00f3gicos em larga escala e nas evid\u00eancias de experimentos de irradia\u00e7\u00e3o animal, mas principalmente nos recentes avan\u00e7os no conhecimento da resposta adaptativa.\u00a0Os proponentes da hormesis de radia\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente afirmam que as respostas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o radiofotogr\u00e1fica nas c\u00e9lulas e no sistema imunol\u00f3gico n\u00e3o apenas combatem os efeitos nocivos da radia\u00e7\u00e3o, mas tamb\u00e9m agem para inibir o c\u00e2ncer espont\u00e2neo n\u00e3o relacionado \u00e0 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta.\u00a0Em geral, existem duas grandes categorias de fontes de radia\u00e7\u00e3o: Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de Fundo Natural e Fontes de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Feitas pelo Homem.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o A radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta\u00a0.\u00a0Dentro, ao redor e acima do mundo em que vivemos. \u00c9 uma for\u00e7a de energia natural que nos rodeia.\u00a0\u00c9 uma parte do &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fonte-de-radiacao-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta. 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