{"id":17472,"date":"2020-06-14T10:37:37","date_gmt":"2020-06-14T10:37:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-exposicao-interna-contaminacao-interna-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-20T15:29:43","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T15:29:43","slug":"o-que-e-exposicao-interna-contaminacao-interna-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-exposicao-interna-contaminacao-interna-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Se a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dentro do nosso corpo, dizemos, \u00e9 a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna.\u00a0A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o interna \u00e9 essencial para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_24861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24861\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24861 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\" alt=\"radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante - s\u00edmbolo de perigo\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-24861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; s\u00edmbolo de perigo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Se a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dentro do nosso corpo, dizemos, \u00e9\u00a0<strong>a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A ingest\u00e3o de material radioativo pode ocorrer por v\u00e1rias vias, como a ingest\u00e3o de contamina\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa em alimentos ou l\u00edquidos.\u00a0A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna \u00e9 mais complicada.\u00a0A maioria dos radionucl\u00eddeos fornecer\u00e1 muito mais doses de radia\u00e7\u00e3o se, de alguma forma, puderem entrar em seu corpo, do que se ficassem fora.<\/p>\n<p>Como foi escrito, \u00e9 crucial se estamos expostos \u00e0 radia\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<strong>fontes externas<\/strong>\u00a0ou de\u00a0<strong>fontes internas<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0\u00c9 semelhante ao de outras subst\u00e2ncias perigosas.\u00a0<strong>A exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 mais perigosa do que a externa, pois estamos carregando a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o dentro de nossos corpos e n\u00e3o podemos usar nenhum dos\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/\">princ\u00edpios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0(tempo, dist\u00e2ncia, blindagem).\u00a0A ingest\u00e3o de material radioativo pode ocorrer por v\u00e1rias vias, como ingest\u00e3o de contamina\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa em alimentos ou l\u00edquidos, inala\u00e7\u00e3o de gases radioativos ou pela pele intacta ou ferida.\u00a0Nesse local, temos que distinguir entre radia\u00e7\u00e3o e contamina\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radioactive-contamination\/\"><strong>Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa<\/strong><\/a>consistem em material radioativo, que gera radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\u00a0\u00c9 a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o a pr\u00f3pria radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Sempre que o material radioativo n\u00e3o estiver em um cont\u00eainer de fonte radioativa selado e possa se espalhar para outros objetos, a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa \u00e9 uma possibilidade.\u00a0Por exemplo, o\u00a0<strong>radioiodo<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<strong>iodo-131<\/strong>\u00a0, \u00e9 um radiois\u00f3topo importante do iodo.\u00a0O radioiodo desempenha um papel importante como is\u00f3topo radioativo presente em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\">produtos de fiss\u00e3o<\/a> nuclear, e \u00e9 um dos principais contribuintes para os riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade quando liberados na atmosfera durante um acidente. O iodo-131 tem uma meia-vida de 8,02 dias. O tecido alvo da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao radioiodo \u00e9 a gl\u00e2ndula tire\u00f3ide. A dose beta e gama externa do radioiodo presente no ar \u00e9 bastante insignificante quando comparada \u00e0 dose comprometida na tire\u00f3ide que resultaria da respira\u00e7\u00e3o desse ar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span>Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o no ar<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radioactive-contamination\/airborne-contamination-particulates-noble-gases-radioiodine\/\"><strong><span>A contamina\u00e7\u00e3o a\u00e9rea<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de particular import\u00e2ncia em\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\"><span>\u00a0usinas nucleares<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, onde deve ser monitorada.\u00a0Os contaminantes podem ficar no ar, especialmente durante a remo\u00e7\u00e3o da cabe\u00e7a do reator, o reabastecimento do reator e durante as manipula\u00e7\u00f5es dentro do tanque de combust\u00edvel usado.\u00a0O ar pode ser contaminado com is\u00f3topos radioativos, especialmente na forma de part\u00edculas, o que representa um<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0risco<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0particular de\u00a0<strong>\u00a0inala\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Essa contamina\u00e7\u00e3o consiste em v\u00e1rios produtos de fiss\u00e3o e ativa\u00e7\u00e3o que entram no ar na forma gasosa, de vapor ou de part\u00edculas.\u00a0Existem quatro tipos de contamina\u00e7\u00e3o a\u00e9rea nas usinas nucleares, a saber:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Part\u00edculas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A atividade de part\u00edculas \u00e9 um risco interno, porque pode ser inalado.\u00a0O material particulado transport\u00e1vel levado para o sistema respirat\u00f3rio entrar\u00e1 na corrente sangu\u00ednea e ser\u00e1 transportado para todas as partes do corpo.\u00a0Part\u00edculas n\u00e3o transport\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bpermanecer\u00e3o nos pulm\u00f5es com uma certa meia-vida biol\u00f3gica.\u00a0Por exemplo, Sr-90, Ra-226 e Pu-239 s\u00e3o\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/radionuclide-radioisotope\/\"><span>radionucl\u00eddeos<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0conhecidos como radionucl\u00eddeos que procuram ossos.\u00a0Esses radionucl\u00eddeos t\u00eam\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/biological-half-life\/\"><span>meia-vida biol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0longa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e s\u00e3o s\u00e9rios riscos internos.\u00a0Uma vez depositados no osso, eles permanecem l\u00e1 em quantidade essencialmente inalterada durante a vida do indiv\u00edduo.\u00a0A a\u00e7\u00e3o continuada das\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">part\u00edculas alfa<\/a>\u00a0emitidas\u00a0<\/span><span>\u00a0pode causar ferimentos significativos: ao longo de muitos anos, eles depositam toda a sua energia em um pequeno volume de tecido, porque o alcance das part\u00edculas alfa \u00e9 muito curto.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Gases nobres<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Gases nobres radioativos, como\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>xenon-133<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0xenon-135<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0e \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>krypton-85,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0est\u00e3o presentes no l\u00edquido de arrefecimento do reator, especialmente quando h\u00e1 vazamentos de combust\u00edvel.\u00a0\u00c0 medida que aparecem no l\u00edquido de arrefecimento, ficam no ar e podem ser inalados.\u00a0Eles s\u00e3o exalados logo ap\u00f3s serem inalados, porque o corpo n\u00e3o reage quimicamente com eles.\u00a0Se os trabalhadores estiverem trabalhando em uma nuvem de g\u00e1s nobre, a dose externa que eles receber\u00e3o ser\u00e1 cerca de 1000 vezes maior que a dose interna.\u00a0Por esse motivo, estamos preocupados apenas com as taxas externas de dose beta e gama.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span><img src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Iodine-131-decay-scheme.png\" \/>Radioiodine<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>O radioiodo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>iodo-131<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 um radiois\u00f3topo importante do iodo.\u00a0O radioiodo desempenha um papel importante como is\u00f3topo radioativo presente nos\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\"><span>produtos de fiss\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0nuclear\u00a0\u00a0e \u00e9 um dos principais contribuintes para os riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade quando liberado na atmosfera durante um acidente.\u00a0O iodo-131 tem uma meia-vida de 8,02 dias.\u00a0O tecido alvo da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao radioiodo \u00e9 a gl\u00e2ndula tire\u00f3ide.\u00a0A dose beta e gama externa do radioiodo presente no ar \u00e9 bastante insignificante quando comparada \u00e0 dose comprometida na tire\u00f3ide que resultaria da respira\u00e7\u00e3o desse ar.\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/biological-half-life\/\"><span>meia-vida biol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0para o iodo dentro do corpo humano \u00e9 de cerca de 80 dias (de acordo com o ICRP).\u00a0O iodo nos alimentos \u00e9 absorvido pelo organismo e preferencialmente concentrado na tire\u00f3ide, onde \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio para o funcionamento dessa gl\u00e2ndula.\u00a0Quando o\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>131<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0I est\u00e1 presente em altos n\u00edveis no ambiente devido a precipita\u00e7\u00e3o radioativa, ele pode ser absorvido atrav\u00e9s de alimentos contaminados e tamb\u00e9m se acumular\u00e1 na tire\u00f3ide.\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>O 131<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0I decai com uma meia-vida de 8,02 dias com part\u00edculas beta e emiss\u00f5es gama.\u00a0\u00c0 medida que se deteriora, pode causar danos \u00e0 tire\u00f3ide.\u00a0O risco prim\u00e1rio da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o a altos n\u00edveis de\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>131<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0I \u00e9 a ocorr\u00eancia casual de c\u00e2ncer de tire\u00f3ide radiog\u00eanico mais tarde na vida.\u00a0Para\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>131<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0I, o ICRP calculou que se voc\u00ea inalar 1 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>6<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Bq, voc\u00ea receber\u00e1 uma dose de H\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>T<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\u00a0= 400 mSv na\u00a0tire\u00f3ide\u00a0(e uma dose ponderada de 20 mSv no corpo inteiro).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Tr\u00edtio.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/tritium\/\"><span>O tr\u00edtio<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 um subproduto\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\"><span>dos reatores nucleares<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A fonte mais importante (devido \u00e0 libera\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua tritiada) de tr\u00edtio em usinas nucleares deriva do\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/boron-10\/boric-acid-chemical-shim\/\"><span>\u00e1cido b\u00f3rico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, que \u00e9 comumente usado como\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/boron-10\/boric-acid-chemical-shim\/\"><span>cal\u00e7o qu\u00edmico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0para compensar um excesso de reatividade inicial.\u00a0Observe que o tr\u00edtio emite part\u00edculas beta de baixa energia com um curto intervalo nos tecidos do corpo e, portanto, representa um risco para a sa\u00fade como resultado da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna apenas ap\u00f3s ingest\u00e3o de \u00e1gua pot\u00e1vel ou comida ou inala\u00e7\u00e3o ou absor\u00e7\u00e3o pela pele.\u00a0O tr\u00edtio tomado no corpo \u00e9 distribu\u00eddo uniformemente entre todos os tecidos moles.\u00a0Segundo o ICRP, um intervalo biol\u00f3gico de tr\u00edtio \u00e9 de 10 dias para o HTO e 40 dias para o OBT (tr\u00edtio ligado organicamente) formado a partir do HTO no corpo dos adultos.\u00a0Como resultado, para uma ingest\u00e3o de 1 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>9<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\u00a0Bq de tr\u00edtio (HTO), um indiv\u00edduo receber\u00e1 uma dose de 20 mSv no corpo inteiro (igual \u00e0 ingest\u00e3o de 1 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>6<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\u00a0Bq de\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>131<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0I).\u00a0Enquanto para os PWRs o tr\u00edtio representa um risco menor para a sa\u00fade, por\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/candu-heavy-water-reactor\/\"><span>reatores de \u00e1gua pesada<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, contribui significativamente para a dose coletiva de trabalhadores da planta.\u00a0Observe que \u201co ar que est\u00e1 saturado com \u00e1gua moderadora a 35 \u00b0 C pode fornecer 3.000 mSv \/ h de tr\u00edtio a um trabalhador desprotegido (consulte tamb\u00e9m: JUBurnham. Prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o).\u00a0A melhor prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra o tr\u00edtio pode ser alcan\u00e7ada usando um respirador com fornecimento de ar.\u00a0Os respiradores com cartucho de tr\u00edtio protegem os trabalhadores apenas por um fator de 3. A \u00fanica maneira de reduzir a absor\u00e7\u00e3o da pele \u00e9 usando pl\u00e1sticos.\u00a0Nas usinas de energia PHWR, os trabalhadores devem usar pl\u00e1sticos para trabalhar em atmosferas que contenham mais de 500 \u03bcSv \/ h.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Se a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dentro do nosso corpo, dizemos, \u00e9 a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna.\u00a0A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o interna \u00e9 essencial para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; s\u00edmbolo de perigo Se a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dentro do nosso corpo, dizemos, \u00e9\u00a0a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna\u00a0.\u00a0A ingest\u00e3o de material radioativo pode ocorrer &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-exposicao-interna-contaminacao-interna-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Interna &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Interna - Contamina\u00e7\u00e3o Interna - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Se a fonte de radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dentro do nosso corpo, dizemos, \u00e9 a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna. 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