{"id":17460,"date":"2020-06-14T04:42:55","date_gmt":"2020-06-14T04:42:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-dosimetria-ambiental-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-20T15:23:15","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T15:23:15","slug":"o-que-e-dosimetria-ambiental-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dosimetria-ambiental-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 Dosimetria Ambiental &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">A dosimetria ambiental \u00e9 usada onde \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel que o ambiente gere uma dose significativa de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria Ambiental<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_24861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24861\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24861 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\" alt=\"radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante - s\u00edmbolo de perigo\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol-1.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-24861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; s\u00edmbolo de perigo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>A dosimetria de radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a medi\u00e7\u00e3o, c\u00e1lculo e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das doses absorvidas e a atribui\u00e7\u00e3o dessas doses aos indiv\u00edduos.\u00a0\u00c9 a ci\u00eancia e a pr\u00e1tica que tentam relacionar quantitativamente medidas espec\u00edficas feitas em um campo de radia\u00e7\u00e3o com altera\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas e \/ ou biol\u00f3gicas que a radia\u00e7\u00e3o produziria em um alvo.<\/p>\n<h2>Dosimetria Ambiental<\/h2>\n<p>A dosimetria ambiental \u00e9 usada onde \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel que o ambiente gere uma dose significativa de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Como foi escrito, a\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u00e0 nossa volta<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Dentro, ao redor e acima do mundo em que vivemos. \u00c9 uma for\u00e7a de energia natural que nos rodeia.\u00a0\u00c9 uma parte do nosso mundo natural que est\u00e1 aqui desde o nascimento do nosso planeta.\u00a0Todas as criaturas vivas, desde o in\u00edcio dos tempos, foram e ainda est\u00e3o sendo expostas a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/ionizing-radiation\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante \u00e9 gerada por\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-reactions\/\">rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/radioactivity-nuclear-decay\/\">decaimento nuclear<\/a>\u00a0, por temperaturas muito altas ou por acelera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas carregadas em campos eletromagn\u00e9ticos.<\/p>\n<p>Em geral, existem duas grandes categorias de\u00a0<strong>fontes<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0no ambiente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/natural-background-radiation\/\"><strong>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de fundo natural<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0A radia\u00e7\u00e3o natural de fundo inclui radia\u00e7\u00e3o produzida pelo Sol, raios, radiois\u00f3topos primordiais ou explos\u00f5es de supernovas etc.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/man-made-sources-of-radiation\/\"><strong>Fontes artificiais de radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Fontes artificiais incluem usos m\u00e9dicos de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, res\u00edduos de testes nucleares, usos industriais de radia\u00e7\u00e3o etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Um exemplo de\u00a0<strong>dosimetria<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>ambiente\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o monitoramento de rad\u00f4nio.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/radon-health-effects-health-risks\/properties-of-radon-characteristics-of-radon\/\">O r\u00e1don<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 um g\u00e1s radioativo gerado pela decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o do\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/uranium\/\">ur\u00e2nio<\/a>\u00a0, que est\u00e1 presente em quantidades vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bna crosta terrestre.\u00a0\u00c9 importante notar que o r\u00e1don \u00e9 um\u00a0<strong>g\u00e1s nobre<\/strong>\u00a0, enquanto todos os seus produtos de decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>metais<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O principal mecanismo para a entrada de r\u00e1don na atmosfera \u00e9 a\u00a0<strong>difus\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s do solo<\/strong>.\u00a0Certas \u00e1reas geogr\u00e1ficas, devido \u00e0 geologia subjacente, geram continuamente r\u00e1don que permeia o caminho para a superf\u00edcie da Terra.\u00a0Em alguns casos, a dose pode ser significativa em edif\u00edcios onde o g\u00e1s pode se acumular.\u00a0Locais com maior rad\u00f4nio s\u00e3o bem mapeados em cada pa\u00eds.\u00a0Ao ar livre, varia de 1 a 100 Bq \/ m3, ainda menos (0,1 Bq \/ m3) acima do oceano.\u00a0Em cavernas ou minas com aera\u00e7\u00e3o, ou em casas sem ventila\u00e7\u00e3o, sua concentra\u00e7\u00e3o sobe para 20\u20132.000 Bq \/ m3.\u00a0Na atmosfera externa, h\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m alguma advec\u00e7\u00e3o causada pelo vento e altera\u00e7\u00f5es na press\u00e3o barom\u00e9trica.\u00a0V\u00e1rias t\u00e9cnicas especializadas de dosimetria s\u00e3o usadas para avaliar a dose que os ocupantes de um edif\u00edcio podem receber.<\/p>\n<h3>Espectroscopia gama<\/h3>\n<p>Como foi escrito, o estudo e a an\u00e1lise de espectros de raios gama para uso cient\u00edfico e t\u00e9cnico s\u00e3o chamados espectroscopia gama, e os espectr\u00f4metros de raios gama s\u00e3o os instrumentos que observam e coletam esses dados.\u00a0Um espectr\u00f4metro de raios gama (GRS) \u00e9 um dispositivo sofisticado para medir a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de energia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama.\u00a0Para a medi\u00e7\u00e3o de raios gama acima de v\u00e1rias centenas de keV, existem duas categorias de detectores de grande import\u00e2ncia:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector\/naitl-scintillators\/\"><strong>cintiladores inorg\u00e2nicos como NaI (Tl)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0e\u00a0\u00a0<strong>detectores semicondutores<\/strong>.\u00a0Nos artigos anteriores, descrevemos a espectroscopia gama usando um detector de cintila\u00e7\u00e3o, que consiste em um cristal cintilador adequado, um tubo fotomultiplicador e um circuito para medir a altura dos pulsos produzidos pelo fotomultiplicador.\u00a0As vantagens de um contador de cintila\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o sua efici\u00eancia (tamanho grande e alta densidade) e as altas taxas de precis\u00e3o e contagem poss\u00edveis.\u00a0Devido ao alto n\u00famero at\u00f4mico de iodo, um grande n\u00famero de todas as intera\u00e7\u00f5es resultar\u00e1 na absor\u00e7\u00e3o completa da energia dos raios gama, de modo que a fra\u00e7\u00e3o fotogr\u00e1fica ser\u00e1 alta.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26112\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/HPGe-Detector-Germanium.png\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detector HPGe com criostato LN2 Fonte: canberra.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Mas, se\u00a0\u00a0for necess\u00e1ria\u00a0uma\u00a0\u00a0<strong>resolu\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita de energia<\/strong>\u00a0, precisamos usar\u00a0\u00a0<strong>um detector \u00e0 base de germ\u00e2nio<\/strong>\u00a0, como o\u00a0\u00a0<strong>detector HPGe<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Os detectores de semicondutores \u00e0 base de germ\u00e2nio s\u00e3o mais comumente usados \u200b\u200bonde \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de energia muito boa, especialmente para\u00a0\u00a0<strong>espectroscopia gama<\/strong>\u00a0, bem como\u00a0\u00a0<strong>espectroscopia de raios-x<\/strong>.\u00a0Na espectroscopia gama, o germ\u00e2nio \u00e9 preferido devido ao seu n\u00famero at\u00f4mico ser muito maior que o sil\u00edcio e aumentar a probabilidade de intera\u00e7\u00e3o com raios gama.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, o germ\u00e2nio possui menor energia m\u00e9dia necess\u00e1ria para criar um par de el\u00e9trons-orif\u00edcios, que \u00e9 3,6 eV para sil\u00edcio e 2,9 eV para germ\u00e2nio.\u00a0Isso tamb\u00e9m fornece ao \u00faltimo uma melhor resolu\u00e7\u00e3o em energia.\u00a0O FWHM (largura total na metade do m\u00e1ximo) para detectores de germ\u00e2nio \u00e9 uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o da energia.\u00a0Para um f\u00f3ton de 1,3 MeV, o FWHM \u00e9 de 2,1 keV, o que \u00e9 muito baixo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-arrow\" data-anchor=\"References\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A dosimetria ambiental \u00e9 usada onde \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel que o ambiente gere uma dose significativa de radia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Dosimetria Ambiental Radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante &#8211; s\u00edmbolo de perigo A dosimetria de radia\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0\u00e9 a medi\u00e7\u00e3o, c\u00e1lculo e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das doses absorvidas e a atribui\u00e7\u00e3o dessas doses aos indiv\u00edduos.\u00a0\u00c9 a ci\u00eancia e a pr\u00e1tica que tentam relacionar quantitativamente medidas espec\u00edficas feitas &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 Dosimetria Ambiental &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-dosimetria-ambiental-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 Dosimetria Ambiental &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 Dosimetria Ambiental - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A dosimetria ambiental \u00e9 usada onde \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel que o ambiente gere uma dose significativa de radia\u00e7\u00e3o. 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