{"id":17366,"date":"2020-06-12T06:20:05","date_gmt":"2020-06-12T06:20:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-particula-alfa-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-20T06:06:29","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T06:06:29","slug":"o-que-e-particula-alfa-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-particula-alfa-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 part\u00edcula alfa &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Part\u00edculas alfa s\u00e3o n\u00facleos energ\u00e9ticos de h\u00e9lio.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa \u00e9 denominada decaimento alfa.\u00a0As part\u00edculas alfa consistem em dois pr\u00f3tons e dois n\u00eautrons.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/alpha_particle.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11639 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/alpha_particle.png\" alt=\"Part\u00edcula Alfa - Intera\u00e7\u00e3o com a Mat\u00e9ria\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/alpha_particle.png\" \/><\/a>Part\u00edculas alfa<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>n\u00facleos<\/strong>\u00a0energ\u00e9ticos\u00a0<strong>de h\u00e9lio<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa \u00e9 denominada decaimento alfa.\u00a0As part\u00edculas alfa consistem em dois pr\u00f3tons e dois\u00a0<a title=\"N\u00eautron\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\">n\u00eautrons<\/a>\u00a0unidos em uma part\u00edcula id\u00eantica a um n\u00facleo de h\u00e9lio.\u00a0As part\u00edculas alfa s\u00e3o relativamente grandes e carregam uma carga positiva dupla.\u00a0Eles\u00a0<strong>n\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>muito penetrantes<\/strong>\u00a0e um peda\u00e7o de papel pode det\u00ea-los.\u00a0Eles viajam apenas alguns cent\u00edmetros, mas depositam todas as suas energias ao longo de seus caminhos curtos.\u00a0Nos\u00a0<a title=\"Reator nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\">reatores nucleares,<\/a>\u00a0eles s\u00e3o produzidos, por exemplo, no\u00a0<a title=\"Combust\u00edvel nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/\">combust\u00edvel<\/a>\u00a0(decaimento alfa de n\u00facleos pesados).\u00a0Part\u00edculas alfa s\u00e3o comumente emitidas por todas as subst\u00e2ncias\u00a0<a title=\"Radioactive Decay\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/\">radioativas<\/a>\u00a0pesadas\u00a0n\u00facleos que ocorrem na natureza (ur\u00e2nio, t\u00f3rio ou r\u00e1dio), bem como os elementos transur\u00e2nicos (nept\u00fanio, plut\u00f4nio ou amer\u00edcio).\u00a0<strong>Part\u00edculas alfa<\/strong>\u00a0especialmente\u00a0<strong>energ\u00e9ticas<\/strong>\u00a0(exceto n\u00facleos de h\u00e9lio artificialmente acelerados) s\u00e3o produzidas em um processo nuclear, conhecido como\u00a0<strong>fiss\u00e3o tern\u00e1ria<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Nesse processo, o n\u00facleo de ur\u00e2nio \u00e9 dividido em\u00a0<strong>tr\u00eas part\u00edculas carregadas<\/strong>\u00a0(fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o) em vez das duas normais.\u00a0O menor dos fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o provavelmente (90% de probabilidade) \u00e9 uma part\u00edcula alfa energ\u00e9tica extra.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11672\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Alpha_particle_cloud_chamber.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11672 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Alpha_particle_cloud_chamber-1024x535.jpg\" alt=\"Alpha Particle - Cloud Chamber\" width=\"669\" height=\"349\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Alpha_particle_cloud_chamber-1024x535.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part\u00edculas alfa e el\u00e9trons (desviados por um campo magn\u00e9tico) de uma haste de t\u00f3rio em uma c\u00e2mara de nuvens.<br \/>\nFonte: wikipedia.org<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Intera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa com mat\u00e9ria<\/h2>\n<p>Como a intera\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica se estende por alguma dist\u00e2ncia, n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio que as part\u00edculas alfa colidam diretamente com um \u00e1tomo.\u00a0Eles podem transferir energia simplesmente\u00a0<strong>passando por perto<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0<strong>As part\u00edculas alfa\u00a0<\/strong><strong>interagem com a mat\u00e9ria principalmente atrav\u00e9s de for\u00e7as coulombianas<\/strong>\u00a0entre sua carga positiva e a carga negativa dos el\u00e9trons dos orbitais at\u00f4micos.\u00a0Em geral, as part\u00edculas alfa (como outras part\u00edculas carregadas) transferem energia principalmente por:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Excita\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0A part\u00edcula carregada pode transferir energia para o \u00e1tomo, elevando os el\u00e9trons para n\u00edveis mais altos de energia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ionizacao.\u00a0<\/strong>A ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o pode ocorrer quando a part\u00edcula carregada possui energia suficiente para remover um el\u00e9tron.\u00a0Isso resulta na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de pares de \u00edons na mat\u00e9ria circundante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o de pares requer energia, que \u00e9 perdida pela energia cin\u00e9tica da part\u00edcula alfa, causando\u00a0<strong>a desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Os \u00edons positivos e el\u00e9trons livres criados pela passagem da part\u00edcula alfa se reunir\u00e3o, liberando energia\u00a0<strong>na forma de calor<\/strong>(por exemplo, energia vibracional ou energia rotacional dos \u00e1tomos).\u00a0Existem diferen\u00e7as consider\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bnas formas de perda e dispers\u00e3o de energia entre a passagem de part\u00edculas carregadas de luz, como p\u00f3sitrons e el\u00e9trons, e part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas, como fragmentos de fiss\u00e3o, part\u00edculas alfa e m\u00faons.\u00a0A maioria dessas diferen\u00e7as se baseia nas diferentes din\u00e2micas do processo de colis\u00e3o.\u00a0Em geral, quando uma part\u00edcula pesada colide com uma part\u00edcula muito mais leve (el\u00e9trons nos orbitais at\u00f4micos), as leis da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia e momento prev\u00eaem que apenas uma pequena fra\u00e7\u00e3o da energia da part\u00edcula maci\u00e7a pode ser transferida para a part\u00edcula menos massiva.\u00a0A quantidade real de energia transferida depende de qu\u00e3o perto as part\u00edculas carregadas passam pelo \u00e1tomo e tamb\u00e9m depende das restri\u00e7\u00f5es da quantiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis de energia.<\/p>\n<p>Vide tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<a title=\"Intera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas com mat\u00e9ria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-heavy-charged-particles\/\">Intera\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas com mat\u00e9ria<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Poder de parada &#8211; Bethe Formula<\/h2>\n<p>Uma vari\u00e1vel conveniente que descreve as propriedades de ioniza\u00e7\u00e3o do meio circundante \u00e9\u00a0<strong>o poder de parada<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O poder de parada linear do material \u00e9 definido como a\u00a0<strong>raz\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0entre a\u00a0<strong>perda de energia diferencial<\/strong>\u00a0da part\u00edcula dentro do material e o\u00a0<strong>comprimento do caminho diferencial<\/strong>\u00a0correspondente\u00a0:<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11622 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/stopping_power_formula.png\" alt=\"stopping_power_formula\" width=\"198\" height=\"53\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/stopping_power_formula.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>, onde T \u00e9 a energia cin\u00e9tica da part\u00edcula carregada,\u00a0<sub>\u00edon<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 o n\u00famero de pares de el\u00e9trons-\u00edons formados por unidade de comprimento do caminho, e I denota a energia m\u00e9dia necess\u00e1ria para ionizar um \u00e1tomo no meio.\u00a0Para part\u00edculas carregadas,\u00a0<strong>S aumenta \u00e0 medida que a velocidade das part\u00edculas diminui<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A express\u00e3o cl\u00e1ssica que descreve a perda de energia espec\u00edfica \u00e9 conhecida como\u00a0<a title=\"Poder de parada - Bethe Formula\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-heavy-charged-particles\/stopping-power-bethe-formula\/\">f\u00f3rmula de Bethe<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0A f\u00f3rmula n\u00e3o-relativ\u00edstica foi encontrada por Hans Bethe em 1930. A vers\u00e3o relativ\u00edstica (veja abaixo) tamb\u00e9m foi encontrada por Hans Bethe em 1932.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/stopping_power_formula_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11623 size-medium lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/stopping_power_formula_2-300x54.png\" alt=\"stopping_power_formula_2\" width=\"300\" height=\"54\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/stopping_power_formula_2-300x54.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nesta express\u00e3o, m \u00e9 a massa restante do el\u00e9tron, \u03b2 \u00e9 igual a v \/ c, o que expressa a velocidade da part\u00edcula em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 velocidade da luz, \u03b3 \u00e9 o fator de Lorentz da part\u00edcula, Q \u00e9 igual \u00e0 sua carga, Z \u00e9 a n\u00famero at\u00f4mico do meio en \u00e9 a densidade de \u00e1tomos no volume.\u00a0Para part\u00edculas n\u00e3o relativ\u00edsticas (part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas s\u00e3o principalmente n\u00e3o relativ\u00edsticas), dT \/ dx\u00a0<strong>depende de 1 \/ v\u00a0<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Isso pode ser explicado pelo maior tempo que a part\u00edcula carregada gasta no campo negativo do el\u00e9tron, quando a velocidade \u00e9 baixa.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span>O poder<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>parada<\/strong>\u00a0da maioria dos materiais \u00e9 muito alto para part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas e essas part\u00edculas t\u00eam faixas muito curtas.\u00a0Por exemplo, o alcance de uma part\u00edcula alfa de 5 MeV \u00e9 de aproximadamente apenas 0,002 cm em liga de alum\u00ednio.\u00a0A maioria das part\u00edculas alfa pode ser parada por uma folha de papel comum ou tecido vivo.\u00a0Portanto, a blindagem das part\u00edculas alfa n\u00e3o representa um problema dif\u00edcil, mas, por outro lado, os nucl\u00eddeos radioativos alfa podem levar a s\u00e9rios riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade quando ingeridos ou inalados (contamina\u00e7\u00e3o interna).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Curva de Bragg<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11631\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bragg_Curve_for_Alphas_in_Air.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11631 size-medium lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bragg_Curve_for_Alphas_in_Air-300x210.png\" alt=\"Curva de Bragg\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Bragg_Curve_for_Alphas_in_Air-300x210.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11631\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>A curva de Bragg \u00e9 t\u00edpica para part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas e representa a perda de energia durante sua viagem pela mat\u00e9ria.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Fonte: wikipedia.org<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a title=\"Curva de Bragg e pico de Bragg\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-heavy-charged-particles\/bragg-curve-bragg-peak\/\"><strong><span>A curva de Bragg<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 t\u00edpica para part\u00edculas alfa e para outras part\u00edculas carregadas pesadas e descreve a perda de energia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante durante a viagem pela mat\u00e9ria.\u00a0Para essa curva, \u00e9 t\u00edpico<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0o pico de Bragg<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que \u00e9 o resultado da\u00a0<strong>\u00a0\u00a0depend\u00eancia<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0de<\/span><strong><span>\u00a01 \/ v\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0da pot\u00eancia de parada.\u00a0Esse pico ocorre porque a<\/span><a title=\"Se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/neutron-cross-section\/\"><span>\u00a0se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0da intera\u00e7\u00e3o aumenta imediatamente antes da part\u00edcula parar.\u00a0Na maior parte da pista, a carga permanece inalterada e a perda de energia espec\u00edfica aumenta de acordo com o 1 \/ v<\/span><sup><span>\u00a02<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Perto do final da pista, a carga pode ser reduzida atrav\u00e9s da coleta de el\u00e9trons e a curva pode cair.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>A curva de Bragg<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m difere um pouco devido ao\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>efeito de dispers\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para um determinado material, a faixa ser\u00e1\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quase a mesma<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para todas as part\u00edculas do mesmo tipo com a mesma energia inicial.\u00a0Como os detalhes das intera\u00e7\u00f5es microsc\u00f3picas sofridas por qualquer part\u00edcula espec\u00edfica variam aleatoriamente, uma pequena varia\u00e7\u00e3o no intervalo pode ser observada.\u00a0Essa varia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 chamada de dispers\u00e3o e \u00e9 causada pela natureza estat\u00edstica do processo de perda de energia, que consiste em um grande n\u00famero de colis\u00f5es individuais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Esse fen\u00f4meno, descrito pela curva de Bragg, \u00e9 explorado na terapia de part\u00edculas do c\u00e2ncer, pois permite concentrar a energia de parada no tumor, minimizando o efeito no tecido saud\u00e1vel circundante.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Part\u00edculas alfa s\u00e3o n\u00facleos energ\u00e9ticos de h\u00e9lio.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa \u00e9 denominada decaimento alfa.\u00a0As part\u00edculas alfa consistem em dois pr\u00f3tons e dois n\u00eautrons.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Part\u00edculas alfa\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0n\u00facleos\u00a0energ\u00e9ticos\u00a0de h\u00e9lio\u00a0.\u00a0A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas alfa \u00e9 denominada decaimento alfa.\u00a0As part\u00edculas alfa consistem em dois pr\u00f3tons e dois\u00a0n\u00eautrons\u00a0unidos em uma part\u00edcula id\u00eantica a um n\u00facleo de h\u00e9lio.\u00a0As part\u00edculas &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 part\u00edcula alfa &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-particula-alfa-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 part\u00edcula alfa &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 part\u00edcula alfa - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Part\u00edculas alfa s\u00e3o n\u00facleos energ\u00e9ticos de h\u00e9lio. 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