{"id":22070,"date":"2020-07-24T10:00:07","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T10:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-o-decaimento-beta-beta-radioatividade-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-24T10:00:07","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T10:00:07","slug":"o-que-e-o-decaimento-beta-beta-radioatividade-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-decaimento-beta-beta-radioatividade-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 o Decaimento Beta &#8211; Beta Radioatividade &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Decaimento beta ou decaimento \u03b2 representa a desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo parental para uma filha atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta.\u00a0O decaimento beta \u00e9 governado pela intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong>Decaimento beta<\/strong>\u00a0ou\u00a0<strong>decaimento\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u03b2<\/strong>\u00a0representa a desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo parental para uma filha atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta.\u00a0Essa transi\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0<strong>\u03b2\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/strong><strong>\u00a0decaimento<\/strong>\u00a0) pode ser caracterizada como:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta-Decay-Beta-Radioactivity-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25037 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta-Decay-Beta-Radioactivity-definition.png\" alt=\"Deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta - radioatividade beta - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"388\" height=\"150\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta-Decay-Beta-Radioactivity-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Se um\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/atomic-nucleus\/\">n\u00facleo<\/a>\u00a0emite uma part\u00edcula beta, perde um el\u00e9tron (ou p\u00f3sitron).\u00a0Nesse caso, o n\u00famero de massa do n\u00facleo filha permanece o mesmo, mas o n\u00facleo filha formar\u00e1 um elemento diferente.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">As part\u00edculas beta<\/a>\u00a0s\u00e3o el\u00e9trons ou p\u00f3sitrons de alta energia e alta velocidade emitidos por certos tipos de n\u00facleos radioativos, como o pot\u00e1ssio-40.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta t\u00eam\u00a0<strong>maior alcance<\/strong>\u00a0de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o do que as part\u00edculas alfa, mas ainda muito menos que\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">os raios gama<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta emitidas s\u00e3o uma forma de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\">radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante,<\/a>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m conhecida como raios beta.\u00a0Existem as seguintes formas de decaimento beta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Decaimento beta negativo &#8211; Decaimento de el\u00e9trons.\u00a0<\/strong>No decaimento de el\u00e9trons, um n\u00facleo rico em n\u00eautrons emite um el\u00e9tron de alta energia (\u03b2\u00a0<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u00a0part\u00edcula).\u00a0Os el\u00e9trons s\u00e3o carregados negativamente com part\u00edculas quase sem massa. Devido \u00e0 lei de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da carga el\u00e9trica, a carga nuclear deve aumentar em uma unidade.\u00a0Nesse caso, o processo pode ser representado por:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/negative-beta-decay-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25046 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/negative-beta-decay-definition.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"43\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/negative-beta-decay-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Decaimento beta positivo &#8211; Decaimento de p\u00f3sitrons.\u00a0<\/strong>No decaimento de p\u00f3sitrons, um n\u00facleo rico em pr\u00f3tons emite um p\u00f3sitron (os p\u00f3sitrons s\u00e3o antipart\u00edculas de el\u00e9trons e t\u00eam a mesma massa que os el\u00e9trons, mas com carga el\u00e9trica positiva) e, assim, reduzem a carga nuclear em uma unidade.\u00a0Nesse caso, o processo pode ser representado por: Uma aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre quando um p\u00f3sitron de baixa energia colide com um el\u00e9tron de baixa energia.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positive-beta-decay-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25048 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positive-beta-decay-definition.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"49\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/positive-beta-decay-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Decaimento Beta Inverso &#8211; Captura de El\u00e9trons\u00a0<\/strong><strong>.\u00a0A captura de el\u00e9trons<\/strong>\u00a0, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como decaimento beta inverso, \u00e0s vezes \u00e9 inclu\u00edda como um tipo de decaimento beta, porque o processo nuclear b\u00e1sico, mediado pela intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca, \u00e9 o mesmo.\u00a0Nesse processo, um n\u00facleo rico em pr\u00f3tons tamb\u00e9m pode reduzir sua carga nuclear em uma unidade absorvendo um el\u00e9tron at\u00f4mico.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/electron-capture-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25047 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/electron-capture-definition.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"277\" height=\"42\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/electron-capture-definition.png\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A emiss\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons foi um dos primeiros fen\u00f4menos de decaimento observados.\u00a0O processo inverso,\u00a0<strong>captura de el\u00e9trons<\/strong>\u00a0, foi observado pela primeira vez por Luis Alvarez, em van\u00e1dio 48. Ele o relatou em um artigo de 1937 na Physical Review.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12115\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12115\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/uranium-238-decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12121 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/uranium-238-decay-300x174.png\" alt=\"Deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o de ur\u00e2nio 238.\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/uranium-238-decay-300x174.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12115\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cadeia de decaimento de ur\u00e2nio 238 compreende decaimentos alfa e beta.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Em um\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/\">reator nuclear,<\/a>\u00a0ocorre especialmente o decaimento \u03b2, porque a caracter\u00edstica comum dos\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\">produtos de fiss\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 um excesso de n\u00eautrons (consulte\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/nuclear-stability\/\">Estabilidade nuclear<\/a>\u00a0).\u00a0Um fragmento de fiss\u00e3o inst\u00e1vel com excesso de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\">n\u00eautrons<\/a>\u00a0sofre \u03b2-decaimento, onde o n\u00eautron \u00e9 convertido em pr\u00f3ton, el\u00e9tron e\u00a0<strong>antineutrino<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Um\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\">n\u00eautron livre<\/a>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m sofre esse tipo de decaimento.\u00a0Um n\u00eautron livre decair\u00e1 com uma meia-vida de\u00a0<strong>cerca de 611 segundos<\/strong>\u00a0(10,3 minutos) em um pr\u00f3ton, um el\u00e9tron e um antineutrino (a\u00a0contraparte do\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutrino\/\">neutrino em\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-antimatter\/\">antimat\u00e9ria<\/a>\u00a0, uma part\u00edcula sem carga e com pouca ou nenhuma massa).<\/p>\n<h2><span>Teoria da deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta &#8211; intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>A deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 governada pela\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/weak-interaction-weak-force\/\"><span>intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Durante um decaimento beta de dois para baixo\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/quarks\/\"><span>quarks<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0muda para um quark-se emitindo um W\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>&#8211;<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Higgs (transporta para longe uma carga negativa).\u00a0O W\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>&#8211;<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Higgs depois decai para uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\"><span>part\u00edcula beta<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e um\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\"><span>antineutrino<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Esse processo \u00e9 equivalente ao processo no qual um neutrino interage com um n\u00eautron.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/theory-of-beta-decay-weak-interaction.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-25042 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/theory-of-beta-decay-weak-interaction-1024x262.png\" alt=\"teoria do decaimento beta - intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca\" width=\"1024\" height=\"262\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/theory-of-beta-decay-weak-interaction-1024x262.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Como pode ser visto na figura, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0muda um sabor de quark para outro.\u00a0Observe que,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/the-standard-model\/\"><span>o Modelo Padr\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0conta seis sabores de quarks e seis sabores de leptons.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 o \u00fanico processo no qual um quark pode mudar para outro, ou um lepton para outro lepton (mudan\u00e7a de sabor).\u00a0Nem a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/strong-interaction-strong-force\/\"><span>forte intera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0nem\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/electromagnetic-interaction-electromagnetic-force\/\"><span>eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/span><\/a><span>permitir mudan\u00e7a de sabor.\u00a0Este fato \u00e9 crucial em muitos decaimentos de part\u00edculas nucleares.\u00a0No processo de fus\u00e3o, que, por exemplo, alimenta o Sol, dois pr\u00f3tons interagem atrav\u00e9s da for\u00e7a fraca para formar um n\u00facleo de deut\u00e9rio, que reage ainda mais para gerar h\u00e9lio.\u00a0Sem a intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca, o diproton decairia novamente em dois pr\u00f3tons n\u00e3o ligados a hidrog\u00eanio-1 atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o de pr\u00f3tons.\u00a0Como resultado, o sol n\u00e3o queimaria sem ele, pois a intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca causa a transmuta\u00e7\u00e3o p -&gt; n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ao contr\u00e1rio do\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity\/\"><span>decaimento alfa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, nem a part\u00edcula beta nem seu neutrino associado existem dentro do n\u00facleo antes do decaimento beta, mas s\u00e3o criados no processo de decaimento.\u00a0Por esse processo, \u00e1tomos inst\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bobt\u00eam uma propor\u00e7\u00e3o mais est\u00e1vel de pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons.\u00a0A probabilidade de decaimento de um nucl\u00eddeo devido a beta e outras formas de decaimento \u00e9 determinada por sua energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear.\u00a0Para que a emiss\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons ou p\u00f3sitrons seja energeticamente poss\u00edvel, a libera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia (veja abaixo) ou o valor Q deve ser positivo.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemplo de Decaimento Beta<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>N\u00eautron gr\u00e1tis<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Descoberta de Neutrino<\/li>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta do tr\u00edtio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Espectro de energia da deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Tanto no\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/radiation-dosimetry.org\/ionizing-radiation\/gamma-decay\/\">decaimento\u00a0<\/a><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/radiation-dosimetry.org\/ionizing-radiation\/alpha-decay\/\"><span>alfa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0quanto no\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/radiation-dosimetry.org\/ionizing-radiation\/gamma-decay\/\"><span>gama<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, a part\u00edcula resultante (part\u00edcula\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\"><span>alfa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0ou\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"F\u00f3ton - Part\u00edcula Fundamental\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\"><span>f\u00f3ton<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0) tem uma\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de energia estreita<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, uma vez que a part\u00edcula carrega a energia da diferen\u00e7a entre os estados nucleares inicial e final.\u00a0Por exemplo, no caso de decaimento alfa, quando um n\u00facleo pai se decomp\u00f5e espontaneamente para produzir um n\u00facleo filha e uma part\u00edcula alfa, a soma da massa dos dois produtos n\u00e3o \u00e9 igual \u00e0 massa do n\u00facleo original (consulte\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Defeito em massa\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-energy\/mass-defect\/\"><span>Defeito em massa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0) .\u00a0Como resultado da lei de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, essa diferen\u00e7a aparece na forma da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0energia cin\u00e9tica da part\u00edcula alfa<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Como as mesmas part\u00edculas aparecem como produtos a cada quebra de um n\u00facleo pai em particular, a diferen\u00e7a de massa deve\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sempre ser a mesma<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-kinetic-energy\/\">energia cin\u00e9tica<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0das part\u00edculas alfa tamb\u00e9m deve sempre ser a mesma.\u00a0Em outras palavras, o feixe de part\u00edculas alfa deve ser\u00a0\u00a0<strong>monoenerg\u00e9tico<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Esperava-se que as mesmas considera\u00e7\u00f5es fossem v\u00e1lidas para um n\u00facleo pai se decompor em um n\u00facleo filha e\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>uma part\u00edcula beta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Como apenas o el\u00e9tron e o n\u00facleo da filha que recuava foram observados com decaimento beta, o processo foi inicialmente\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>assumido como sendo um processo de dois corpos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, muito parecido com o decaimento alfa.\u00a0Parece razo\u00e1vel supor que as part\u00edculas beta tamb\u00e9m formem um\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>feixe monoenerg\u00e9tico<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para demonstrar a energ\u00e9tica do corpo de dois decaimento beta, considerar o decaimento beta no qual um electr\u00e3o \u00e9 emitido e o n\u00facleo pai est\u00e1 em repouso,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>c\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-of-conservation-of-energy\/\"><span>onservation de energia<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0requer:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/conservation-of-energy-beta-decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lazy-loaded aligncenter wp-image-15817 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/conservation-of-energy-beta-decay.png\" alt=\"conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia-decaimento beta\" width=\"436\" height=\"222\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/conservation-of-energy-beta-decay.png\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Como o el\u00e9tron \u00e9 uma part\u00edcula muito mais leve, esperava-se que ele levasse a maior parte da energia liberada, o que teria um valor \u00fanico\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>e-<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11708\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11708 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\" alt=\"Espectro de energia do decaimento beta\" width=\"344\" height=\"274\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-spectrum.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11708\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>A forma dessa curva de energia depende de qual fra\u00e7\u00e3o da energia da rea\u00e7\u00e3o (valor Q &#8211; a quantidade de energia liberada pela rea\u00e7\u00e3o) \u00e9 transportada pelo el\u00e9tron ou neutrino.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>Mas a realidade era diferente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O espectro de part\u00edculas beta medido por Lise Meitner e Otto Hahn em 1911 e por Jean Danysz em 1913 mostrou v\u00e1rias linhas em um fundo difuso, no entanto.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, virtualmente todas as part\u00edculas beta emitidas possuem energia abaixo da prevista pela conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia em decaimentos de dois corpos.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Os el\u00e9trons emitidos no\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Espectro de part\u00edculas beta\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/spectrum-beta-particles\/\"><span>decaimento beta t\u00eam um<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0espectro\u00a0<a title=\"Espectro de part\u00edculas beta\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/spectrum-beta-particles\/\">cont\u00ednuo, em<\/a>\u00a0vez de discreto, que<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0parece contradizer a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, sob a suposi\u00e7\u00e3o atual de que o decaimento beta \u00e9 a simples emiss\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons de um n\u00facleo.\u00a0Quando isso foi observado pela primeira vez,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>parecia amea\u00e7ar a sobreviv\u00eancia de uma das leis de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o mais importantes da f\u00edsica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para explicar essa libera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Pauli prop\u00f4s<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0(em 1931) que no processo de decaimento fosse emitida\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>outra part\u00edcula<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, mais tarde nomeada por Fermi como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0neutrino<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Ficou claro que essa part\u00edcula deve ser altamente penetrante e que a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da carga el\u00e9trica exige que o neutrino seja eletricamente neutro.\u00a0Isso explicaria por que era t\u00e3o dif\u00edcil detectar essa part\u00edcula.\u00a0O termo neutrino vem do italiano que significa &#8220;pouco neutro&#8221; e os neutrinos s\u00e3o denotados pela letra grega\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0\u03bd (nu)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0No processo de decaimento beta, o neutrino carrega a energia que falta e tamb\u00e9m nesse processo a lei de\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia permanece v\u00e1lida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Leis de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o em Decaimento Beta<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Ao analisar\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-reactions\/\"><span>as rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, aplicamos as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>muitas\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/\"><span>leis de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>As rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est\u00e3o sujeitas \u00e0s\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>leis<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0cl\u00e1ssicas de\u00a0<strong>conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de carga, momento, momento angular e energia\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0(incluindo energias de repouso).\u00a0Leis de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o adicionais, n\u00e3o previstas pela f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica, s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-conservation-lepton-number\/\"><span>Lei de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do N\u00famero Lepton<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-conservation-baryon-number\/\"><span>Lei de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do N\u00famero Baryon<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-conservation-electric-charge\/\"><span>Lei de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Carga El\u00e9trica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Certas leis s\u00e3o obedecidas em todas as circunst\u00e2ncias, outras n\u00e3o.\u00a0Aceitamos a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia e momento.\u00a0Em todos os exemplos dados, assumimos que o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons e o n\u00famero de n\u00eautrons s\u00e3o conservados separadamente.\u00a0Encontraremos circunst\u00e2ncias e condi\u00e7\u00f5es nas quais essa regra n\u00e3o \u00e9 verdadeira.\u00a0Onde estamos considerando rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares n\u00e3o relativ\u00edsticas, \u00e9 essencialmente verdade.\u00a0No entanto, quando estivermos considerando energias nucleares relativ\u00edsticas ou aquelas que envolvem intera\u00e7\u00f5es fracas, descobriremos que esses princ\u00edpios devem ser estendidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Alguns princ\u00edpios de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o surgiram de considera\u00e7\u00f5es te\u00f3ricas, outros s\u00e3o apenas rela\u00e7\u00f5es emp\u00edricas.\u00a0N\u00e3o obstante, qualquer rea\u00e7\u00e3o que n\u00e3o seja expressamente proibida pelas leis de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente ocorrer\u00e1, se talvez a um ritmo lento.\u00a0Essa expectativa \u00e9 baseada na mec\u00e2nica qu\u00e2ntica.\u00a0A menos que a barreira entre os estados inicial e final seja infinitamente alta, sempre h\u00e1 uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>probabilidade diferente de zero de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que um sistema fa\u00e7a a transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre eles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para fins de an\u00e1lise de rea\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o relativ\u00edsticas, basta observar quatro das leis fundamentais que governam essas rea\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00facleons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O n\u00famero total de n\u00facleons antes e depois de uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o mesmo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de carga<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A soma das cargas em todas as part\u00edculas antes e depois de uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a mesma<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do momento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O momento total das part\u00edculas que interagem antes e depois de uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o mesmo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A energia, incluindo a energia restante da massa, \u00e9 conservada em rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Refer\u00eancia: Lamarsh, John R. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 engenharia nuclear 2\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o beta &#8211; valor Q<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Na f\u00edsica nuclear e de part\u00edculas, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>energia das rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 determinada pelo\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-reactions\/q-value-energetics-nuclear-reactions\/\"><strong><span>valor Q<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0dessa rea\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>valor Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 definido como a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diferen\u00e7a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0entre a soma das\u00a0<strong>massas em\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span>repouso<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<span>dos\u00a0<strong>reagentes iniciais<\/strong>\u00a0e a soma das\u00a0<strong>massas<\/strong>\u00a0dos\u00a0<strong>produtos finais<\/strong>\u00a0, em unidades de energia (geralmente em MeV).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Considere uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica, na qual o proj\u00e9til ae o alvo A d\u00e3o lugar a dois produtos, B e b.\u00a0Isto tamb\u00e9m pode ser expresso na nota\u00e7\u00e3o que foi utilizado at\u00e9 agora,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a + A \u2192 B + b<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ou mesmo em uma nota\u00e7\u00e3o mais compacta,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A (a, b) B<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-energy\/emc2-meaning\/\"><span>E = mc2<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>valor Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0desta rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 dado por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Q = [ma + mA &#8211; (mb + mB)] c\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Ao descrever o decaimento beta (rea\u00e7\u00e3o sem proj\u00e9til), o n\u00facleo desintegrante \u00e9 geralmente chamado de n\u00facleo pai e o n\u00facleo remanescente ap\u00f3s o evento como n\u00facleo filho.\u00a0A emiss\u00e3o de uma part\u00edcula beta, um el\u00e9tron, \u03b2\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>&#8211;<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0ou um p\u00f3sitron, \u03b2\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>+<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0, altera o n\u00famero at\u00f4mico do n\u00facleo sem afetar seu n\u00famero de massa.\u00a0A massa total de repouso do n\u00facleo filha e da radia\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear liberada em uma desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o beta, m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>Filha<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0+ m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 sempre menor que a do n\u00facleo pai, m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>pai<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A diferen\u00e7a massa-energia,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Q = [m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>pai<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0&#8211; (m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>Filha<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0+ m\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0)] c\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>aparece como a energia de desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o liberada no processo.\u00a0Por exemplo, o valor Q do decaimento beta t\u00edpico \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-q-value-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25036 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-q-value-example.png\" alt=\"decaimento beta - valor q\" width=\"500\" height=\"155\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/beta-decay-q-value-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>No processo de decaimento beta, um el\u00e9tron ou um p\u00f3sitron \u00e9 emitido.\u00a0Essa emiss\u00e3o \u00e9 acompanhada pela emiss\u00e3o de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\"><strong><span>antineutrino<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(\u03b2-decaimento) ou\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutrino\/\"><strong><span>neutrino<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(\u03b2 + decaimento), que compartilha energia e momento do decaimento.\u00a0A emiss\u00e3o beta tem um espectro caracter\u00edstico.\u00a0Esse\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/spectrum-beta-particles\/\"><span>espectro<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0caracter\u00edstico\u00a0\u00e9 causado pelo fato de que um neutrino ou um antineutrino \u00e9 emitido com a emiss\u00e3o de part\u00edculas beta.\u00a0A forma dessa curva de energia depende de qual fra\u00e7\u00e3o da energia da rea\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>valor Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; a quantidade de energia liberada pela rea\u00e7\u00e3o) \u00e9 transportada pela part\u00edcula maci\u00e7a.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta podem, portanto, ser emitidas com qualquer energia cin\u00e9tica que varia de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0 a Q<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Ap\u00f3s uma deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o alfa ou beta, o n\u00facleo da filha geralmente fica em um estado de energia excitado.\u00a0Para se estabilizar, emite subseq\u00fcentemente f\u00f3tons de alta energia, raios \u03b3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Decaimento beta ou decaimento \u03b2 representa a desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo parental para uma filha atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta.\u00a0O decaimento beta \u00e9 governado pela intera\u00e7\u00e3o fraca.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Decaimento beta\u00a0ou\u00a0decaimento\u00a0\u03b2\u00a0representa a desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo parental para uma filha atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta.\u00a0Essa transi\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0\u03b2\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0decaimento\u00a0) pode ser caracterizada como: Se um\u00a0n\u00facleo\u00a0emite &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 o Decaimento Beta &#8211; Beta Radioatividade &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-decaimento-beta-beta-radioatividade-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 o Decaimento Beta &#8211; Beta Radioatividade &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 o Decaimento Beta - Beta Radioatividade - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Decaimento beta ou decaimento \u03b2 representa a desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo parental para uma filha atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o da part\u00edcula beta. 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