{"id":17873,"date":"2020-06-22T22:03:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T22:03:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/o-que-e-radionuclideo-cosmogenico-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-07-22T11:15:53","modified_gmt":"2020-07-22T11:15:53","slug":"o-que-e-radionuclideo-cosmogenico-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-radionuclideo-cosmogenico-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 radionucl\u00eddeo cosmog\u00eanico &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos s\u00e3o radionucl\u00eddeos gerados pelas rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares durante a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia e n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bda atmosfera.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong>Radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o radionucl\u00eddeos gerados pelas\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/nuclear-reactions\/\">rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares<\/a>\u00a0durante a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre\u00a0<strong>raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia<\/strong>\u00a0e n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bda atmosfera.\u00a0Um dos radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00e9nicos bem conhecidos \u00e9 o carbono-14, que \u00e9 gerado pela reac\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<strong><sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0N (N, P)\u00a0<sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0C<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Os outros is\u00f3topos gerados s\u00e3o os seguintes:\u00a0<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0H,\u00a0<sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0Be,\u00a0<sup>22<\/sup>\u00a0Na.\u00a0A maioria dos radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos s\u00e3o produtos de (n, p), (p, n) e, especialmente, rea\u00e7\u00f5es de fragmenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Essas rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares s\u00e3o muito r\u00e1pidas e ocorrem em um\u00a0<strong>per\u00edodo compar\u00e1vel ao tempo de tr\u00e2nsito<\/strong>\u00a0de uma part\u00edcula incidente atrav\u00e9s do n\u00facleo (~\u00a0<sup>10-22<\/sup>s)\u00a0O tempo de intera\u00e7\u00e3o muito curto permite a\u00a0<strong>intera\u00e7\u00e3o de apenas um \u00fanico n\u00facleo<\/strong>\u00a0(em casos extremos).\u00a0Essas rea\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o conhecidas como\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/direct-nuclear-reactions\/\">rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares diretas<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<h2>Carbono-14<\/h2>\n<p>O \u00fanico radionucl\u00eddeo cosmog\u00eanico que contribui significativamente para a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna do ser humano \u00e9 o carbono-14.\u00a0O carbono radioativo-14 tem\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/\">meia-vida<\/a>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>5730 anos<\/strong>\u00a0e sofre\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\"><strong>decaimento \u03b2<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, onde o\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\">n\u00eautron<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 convertido em\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton\/\">pr\u00f3ton<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/\">el\u00e9tron<\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\">antineutrino<\/a>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11688\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11688 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\" alt=\"decaimento beta\" width=\"668\" height=\"178\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beta_Minus_Decay.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11688\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decaimento beta do n\u00facleo C-14.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Apesar dessa meia-vida curta em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a idade da Terra, o carbono-14 \u00e9 um is\u00f3topo que ocorre naturalmente.\u00a0Sua presen\u00e7a pode ser explicada pela seguinte observa\u00e7\u00e3o simples.\u00a0Nossa\u00a0<strong>atmosfera<\/strong>\u00a0cont\u00e9m muitos gases, incluindo o nitrog\u00eanio-14.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, a atmosfera \u00e9 constantemente bombardeada com\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/cosmic-radiation-cosmic-rays\/\"><strong>raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, consistindo de pr\u00f3tons, n\u00facleos mais pesados \u200b\u200bou raios gama.\u00a0Esses raios c\u00f3smicos interagem com os n\u00facleos da atmosfera e tamb\u00e9m produzem\u00a0<strong>n\u00eautrons de alta energia<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Esses n\u00eautrons produzidos nessas colis\u00f5es podem ser absorvidos pelo nitrog\u00eanio-14 para produzir um is\u00f3topo de carbono-14:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/carbon-14-dating-formation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25290 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/carbon-14-dating-formation.png\" alt=\"data\u00e7\u00e3o por carbono-14 - forma\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"196\" height=\"41\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/carbon-14-dating-formation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>O carbono-14<\/strong>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m pode ser produzido na atmosfera por outras rea\u00e7\u00f5es de n\u00eautrons, incluindo em particular\u00a0<strong>13C (n, \u03b3) 14C<\/strong>\u00a0e 17O (n, \u03b1) 14C.\u00a0Como resultado, o\u00a0<strong>carbono-14<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 formado continuamente na atmosfera superior pela intera\u00e7\u00e3o dos raios c\u00f3smicos com o nitrog\u00eanio atmosf\u00e9rico.\u00a0Em m\u00e9dia, apenas um em cada 1,3 x 10\u00a0<sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0\u00e1tomos de carbono na atmosfera \u00e9 um \u00e1tomo de carbono-14 radioativo.\u00a0Como resultado, todas as subst\u00e2ncias biol\u00f3gicas vivas cont\u00eam a mesma quantidade de C-14 por grama de carbono, ou seja, 0,3 Bq de atividade do carbono-14 por grama de carbono.\u00a0O carbono-14 est\u00e1 presente no corpo humano (13 kg de carbono em 70 kg humano) a um n\u00edvel de cerca de 3700 Bq (0,1 \u03bcCi) com uma meia-vida biol\u00f3gica de 40 dias.\u00a0Observe que\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/biological-half-life\/\">meia-vida biol\u00f3gica<\/a>\u00e9 o tempo necess\u00e1rio para que a quantidade de um elemento em particular no corpo diminua para metade do seu valor inicial devido \u00e0 elimina\u00e7\u00e3o apenas por processos biol\u00f3gicos.\u00a0No entanto, um \u00e1tomo de carbono est\u00e1 na informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica de cerca de metade das c\u00e9lulas, enquanto o\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/internal-source-of-radiation\/potassium-40-radiation-dose\/\">pot\u00e1ssio<\/a>\u00a0n\u00e3o \u00e9 um componente do DNA.\u00a0A decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o de um \u00e1tomo de carbono-14 no DNA de uma pessoa acontece cerca de 50 vezes por segundo, alterando um \u00e1tomo de carbono para um de nitrog\u00eanio.<\/p>\n<p>A dose anual de carbono-14 \u00e9 estimada em cerca de\u00a0<strong>12 \u03bcSv \/ ano<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Enquanto o sistema biol\u00f3gico estiver vivo, o n\u00edvel \u00e9 constante devido \u00e0 ingest\u00e3o constante de todos os is\u00f3topos de carbono.\u00a0Quando o sistema biol\u00f3gico morre, ele para de trocar carbono com o meio ambiente e, a partir desse momento, a quantidade de carbono-14 que ele cont\u00e9m come\u00e7a a diminuir \u00e0 medida que o carbono-14 sofre decaimento radioativo.<\/p>\n<p>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radiometric-dating-radioactive-dating\/carbon-14-dating-radiocarbon-dating\/\">Data\u00e7\u00e3o por carbono-14<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Tr\u00edtio<\/h2>\n<p><strong>O tr\u00edtio<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o \u00fanico\u00a0<strong>radiois\u00f3topo<\/strong>\u00a0de hidrog\u00eanio que\u00a0ocorre naturalmente\u00a0.\u00a0Seu n\u00famero at\u00f4mico \u00e9 naturalmente 1, o que significa que h\u00e1 1 pr\u00f3ton e 1 el\u00e9tron na estrutura at\u00f4mica.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio do n\u00facleo de hidrog\u00eanio e n\u00facleo de deut\u00e9rio, o tr\u00edtio possui\u00a0<strong>2\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><strong>n\u00eautrons<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0no n\u00facleo.\u00a0O tr\u00edtio ocorre naturalmente, mas \u00e9\u00a0<strong>extremamente raro<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>O tr\u00edtio \u00e9 produzido na atmosfera quando os raios c\u00f3smicos colidem com as mol\u00e9culas de ar.\u00a0Na rea\u00e7\u00e3o mais importante para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o natural, um n\u00eautron r\u00e1pido (que deve ter energia superior a 4,0 MeV) interage com o nitrog\u00eanio atmosf\u00e9rico:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tritium-cosmogenic-radionuclide.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25833 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tritium-cosmogenic-radionuclide.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"62\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tritium-cosmogenic-radionuclide.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Em todo o mundo, a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de tr\u00edtio a partir de fontes naturais \u00e9 de 148 petabecquerels por ano.\u00a0Como resultado, a \u00e1gua tritiada produzida participa do ciclo da \u00e1gua.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>cerca de 400 Bq \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0em \u00e1gua continental<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>cerca de 100 Bq \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0nos oceanos<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>O tr\u00edtio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um is\u00f3topo radioativo, mas emite uma forma muito fraca de radia\u00e7\u00e3o, uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\"><span>part\u00edcula beta de<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0baixa energia\u00a0que \u00e9 semelhante a um el\u00e9tron.\u00a0\u00c9 um emissor beta puro (ou seja, emissor beta sem uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\"><span>radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama que o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0acompanha\u00a0).\u00a0A energia cin\u00e9tica do el\u00e9tron varia, com uma m\u00e9dia de 5,7 keV, enquanto a energia restante \u00e9 transportada pelo\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\"><span>antineutrino do<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0el\u00e9tron quase indetect\u00e1vel\u00a0.\u00a0Uma energia t\u00e3o baixa de el\u00e9trons causa que o el\u00e9tron n\u00e3o pode penetrar na pele ou nem mesmo viaja muito longe no ar.\u00a0As part\u00edculas beta do tr\u00edtio podem penetrar apenas cerca de 6,0 mm de ar.\u00a0O tr\u00edtio decai por via beta negativa em h\u00e9lio-3 com meia-vida de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>12,3 anos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Tritium-Decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11808 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Tritium-Decay.png\" alt=\"Decaimento do Tr\u00edtio\" width=\"295\" height=\"79\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Tritium-Decay.png\" \/><\/a><span>Portanto, o tr\u00edtio representa um risco para a sa\u00fade como resultado da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o interna somente ap\u00f3s ingest\u00e3o de \u00e1gua pot\u00e1vel ou comida, inala\u00e7\u00e3o ou absor\u00e7\u00e3o pela pele.\u00a0O tr\u00edtio tomado no corpo \u00e9 distribu\u00eddo uniformemente entre todos os tecidos moles.\u00a0Uma dose m\u00e9dia anual da ingest\u00e3o natural de tr\u00edtio \u00e9 de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,01 \u03bcSv<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No caso de ingest\u00e3o ou inala\u00e7\u00e3o artificial de tr\u00edtio, um intervalo biol\u00f3gico de tr\u00edtio \u00e9 de 10 dias para o HTO e 40 dias para o OBT (tr\u00edtio ligado organicamente) formado a partir do HTO no corpo de adultos.\u00a0Tamb\u00e9m foi demonstrado que o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/radioactive-decay-law\/half-life\/biological-half-life\/\"><span>intervalo biol\u00f3gico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do HTO depende fortemente de muitas vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200be varia de cerca de 4 a 18 dias.\u00a0Durante os meses mais quentes, a meia-vida m\u00e9dia \u00e9 menor, o que \u00e9 atribu\u00eddo ao aumento da ingest\u00e3o de \u00e1gua.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, beber grandes quantidades de \u00e1lcool reduzir\u00e1 a meia-vida biol\u00f3gica da \u00e1gua no corpo.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos s\u00e3o radionucl\u00eddeos gerados pelas rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares durante a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia e n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bda atmosfera.\u00a0Dosimetria de Radia\u00e7\u00e3o Radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos\u00a0s\u00e3o radionucl\u00eddeos gerados pelas\u00a0rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares\u00a0durante a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre\u00a0raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia\u00a0e n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bda atmosfera.\u00a0Um dos radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00e9nicos bem conhecidos \u00e9 o carbono-14, que \u00e9 gerado pela reac\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a014\u00a0N &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 radionucl\u00eddeo cosmog\u00eanico &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/www.radiation-dosimetry.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-radionuclideo-cosmogenico-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 radionucl\u00eddeo cosmog\u00eanico &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 radionucl\u00eddeo cosmog\u00eanico - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Radionucl\u00eddeos cosmog\u00eanicos s\u00e3o radionucl\u00eddeos gerados pelas rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares durante a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre raios c\u00f3smicos de alta energia e n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis da atmosfera. 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